France’s bilateral relations: a quantitative analysis (1992–2023)
摘要
This article aims to advance a methodological approach for measuring bilateral relations by tracing the trajectories of France’s bilateral relations with major global and regional powers, specifically China, India, Japan, the United States, Brazil, Nigeria, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, and Turkey, between 1992 and 2023. The measurement was performed using the bilateral relations index, a tool within the spectrum of multidimensional comparative analysis, which incorporates nine quantitative indicators, both conflictual and cooperative. The study revealed that, over the analyzed period, France has consistently maintained positive bilateral relations with its European NATO allies. We have also observed a marked change regarding France’s relationship with Russia and Ukraine following the annexation of Crimea and the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine. A significant improvement of the relationship with India and Japan was also observed. The overall results of the estimation indicate France’s intensive relations with most countries in the sample, suggesting a strong global engagement. The overall trajectories, in principle, followed the qualitative expectations, although in several cases, the results of the measurement provided new insights into specific relationships.