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<p>Minimally invasive implantation of flexible microelectrodes is a major challenge for advancing human–machine interfaces and bioelectronic medicine. Existing approaches typically require surgical procedures or sharp-needle-assisted insertion, limiting direct usability, causing bleeding and hindering electrode–tissue fixation. Here we present a soft implantation strategy based on tip-focused radiofrequency perforation, enabling bloodless, stealthy insertion of flexible electronic hairs (FEHs) into dense tissues such as skin and muscle. The localized radiofrequency field at each FEH tip generates highly confined thermal perforation, allowing facile implantation with high biocompatibility and tight bioelectric coupling. FEH sidewalls can be functionalized with bioadhesive layers to enhance fixation, and the implanted hairs operate as plug-and-play, semi-implantable devices for intramuscular electrophysiology, including electromyography recording and electrical stimulation to drive prosthetic devices. This approach offers a minimally invasive pathway to wearable, semi-implantable bioelectronics and could open new opportunities for human–machine interfacing and clinical applications.</p>

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Soft implantation of flexible electronic hairs via tip-focused radiofrequency perforation for in-tissue electrophysiology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Shuang Huang,
  • Xinshuo Huang,
  • Chuanjie Yao,
  • Furui Qiu,
  • Suhang Liu,
  • Chenhao Zhou,
  • Jinkun Chen,
  • Jiayi Chen,
  • Zhengjie Liu,
  • Minghao Li,
  • Jingbo Yang,
  • Xiaotong Li,
  • Guanbin Li,
  • Lisheng Hou,
  • Xingyuan Xu,
  • Mingqiang Li,
  • Yu Tao,
  • Ji Wang,
  • Weishi Luo,
  • Jing Liu,
  • Lelun Jiang,
  • Hui-jiuan Chen,
  • Xi Xie

摘要

Minimally invasive implantation of flexible microelectrodes is a major challenge for advancing human–machine interfaces and bioelectronic medicine. Existing approaches typically require surgical procedures or sharp-needle-assisted insertion, limiting direct usability, causing bleeding and hindering electrode–tissue fixation. Here we present a soft implantation strategy based on tip-focused radiofrequency perforation, enabling bloodless, stealthy insertion of flexible electronic hairs (FEHs) into dense tissues such as skin and muscle. The localized radiofrequency field at each FEH tip generates highly confined thermal perforation, allowing facile implantation with high biocompatibility and tight bioelectric coupling. FEH sidewalls can be functionalized with bioadhesive layers to enhance fixation, and the implanted hairs operate as plug-and-play, semi-implantable devices for intramuscular electrophysiology, including electromyography recording and electrical stimulation to drive prosthetic devices. This approach offers a minimally invasive pathway to wearable, semi-implantable bioelectronics and could open new opportunities for human–machine interfacing and clinical applications.