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<p>Indoor high-capacity connectivity is often constrained by significant building penetration loss and uplink power limitations of outdoor macro-cells. While Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) optimize low-band (&lt;1 GHz) and mid-band (1–7 GHz) spectrum, uplink performance remains disproportionately degraded due to link budget asymmetry. Neutral-host (NH) networking offers a scalable alternative by transparently offloading MNO subscribers via spectrum sharing and shared infrastructure. We present a multi-site study comparing CBRS–enabled NH networks, public MNO 4G/5G, and Wi-Fi. Our results show: (i) significant building penetration loss (up to 17.9 dB in mid-bands) creates a ~10 dB RSRP deficit for MNO mid-bands versus low-bands; (ii) NH networks provide 30 dB higher median indoor RSRP, with indoor NH normalized downlink throughput matching MNO outdoor performance and NH uplink exceeding MNO levels in all settings; (iii) NH proximity enables superior efficiency, utilizing 64-QAM for 56% of transmissions (versus &lt;6% for MNOs) and reducing median UE transmit power by 5 dB; (iv) MNOs rely on low-bands for indoor uplink, whereas NH maintains high-performance mid-band connectivity; and (v) NH outperforms MNOs in end-to-end throughput but trails Wi-Fi in uplink throughput and latency due to core routing overhead.</p>

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Indoor neutral-host networks over shared spectrum and shared infrastructure: a comparison study of real-world deployments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Joshua Roy Palathinkal,
  • Muhammad Iqbal Rochman,
  • Vanlin Sathya,
  • Mehmet Yavuz,
  • Monisha Ghosh

摘要

Indoor high-capacity connectivity is often constrained by significant building penetration loss and uplink power limitations of outdoor macro-cells. While Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) optimize low-band (<1 GHz) and mid-band (1–7 GHz) spectrum, uplink performance remains disproportionately degraded due to link budget asymmetry. Neutral-host (NH) networking offers a scalable alternative by transparently offloading MNO subscribers via spectrum sharing and shared infrastructure. We present a multi-site study comparing CBRS–enabled NH networks, public MNO 4G/5G, and Wi-Fi. Our results show: (i) significant building penetration loss (up to 17.9 dB in mid-bands) creates a ~10 dB RSRP deficit for MNO mid-bands versus low-bands; (ii) NH networks provide 30 dB higher median indoor RSRP, with indoor NH normalized downlink throughput matching MNO outdoor performance and NH uplink exceeding MNO levels in all settings; (iii) NH proximity enables superior efficiency, utilizing 64-QAM for 56% of transmissions (versus <6% for MNOs) and reducing median UE transmit power by 5 dB; (iv) MNOs rely on low-bands for indoor uplink, whereas NH maintains high-performance mid-band connectivity; and (v) NH outperforms MNOs in end-to-end throughput but trails Wi-Fi in uplink throughput and latency due to core routing overhead.