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<p>Progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is usually assessed at the national scale, but national averages can hide local differences and trade-offs. Here we show a global assessment of sustainable development trends from 2000 to 2019 using high-resolution gridded data, covering climate mitigation, air pollution control, socioeconomic activity and infrastructure development, and ecosystem vitality. We use carbon dioxide emissions, fine particle air pollution, nighttime light intensity, and vegetation greenness as indicators. We find that deterioration in at least one dimension occurs across 95.0% of land, where 94.8% of people live, while improvement across all four dimensions occurs on only 5.0% of land, covering 5.2% of people. Mixed outcomes are the dominant pattern, showing that gains in one dimension often coincide with setbacks in another. Inequality is pronounced: 72.4% of people in high-income countries live in improving areas, compared with 24.7% in low-income countries and 11.6% in lower-middle-income countries. These results call for fairer, place-specific policies.</p>

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Global sustainable development trends reveal widespread inequality and tradeoffs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Yangyang Guo,
  • Wenhua Yu,
  • Rongbin Xu,
  • Zhihu Xu,
  • Tingting Ye,
  • Michael Tong,
  • Sotiris Vardoulakis,
  • Yuming Guo,
  • Xuemei Bai

摘要

Progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is usually assessed at the national scale, but national averages can hide local differences and trade-offs. Here we show a global assessment of sustainable development trends from 2000 to 2019 using high-resolution gridded data, covering climate mitigation, air pollution control, socioeconomic activity and infrastructure development, and ecosystem vitality. We use carbon dioxide emissions, fine particle air pollution, nighttime light intensity, and vegetation greenness as indicators. We find that deterioration in at least one dimension occurs across 95.0% of land, where 94.8% of people live, while improvement across all four dimensions occurs on only 5.0% of land, covering 5.2% of people. Mixed outcomes are the dominant pattern, showing that gains in one dimension often coincide with setbacks in another. Inequality is pronounced: 72.4% of people in high-income countries live in improving areas, compared with 24.7% in low-income countries and 11.6% in lower-middle-income countries. These results call for fairer, place-specific policies.