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<p>Rice cultivation is a major source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas with significant climate implications. Official inventories report emissions based on domestic production, often overlooking the role of international trade in redistributing methane. Major exporters shift a substantial portion of emissions to consumers via trade. We provide a methane-focused global assessment of trade-adjusted emissions from rice cultivation, showing that international trade has increasingly reshaped the geographic distribution of rice-related methane emissions over the long term, with nearly 9% redistributed internationally in 2023, almost tripling since 1990. Regions previously considered low-emitting,&#xa0;including Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Africa,&#xa0;now carry a larger consumption-based methane footprint, with the EU27 nearly doubling its production-based emissions, Africa showing the largest divergence among continents, and the Middle East’s footprint driven almost entirely by imports. To ensure effective mitigation, policy frameworks should integrate trade- adjusted methane estimates so that commitments such as the Global Methane Pledge reflect the full lifecycle of rice production and consumption.</p>

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International trade substantially reshapes methane emissions from rice cultivation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • M. Banja,
  • M. Crippa,
  • F. Pagani,
  • F. N. Tubiello,
  • A. Leip

摘要

Rice cultivation is a major source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas with significant climate implications. Official inventories report emissions based on domestic production, often overlooking the role of international trade in redistributing methane. Major exporters shift a substantial portion of emissions to consumers via trade. We provide a methane-focused global assessment of trade-adjusted emissions from rice cultivation, showing that international trade has increasingly reshaped the geographic distribution of rice-related methane emissions over the long term, with nearly 9% redistributed internationally in 2023, almost tripling since 1990. Regions previously considered low-emitting, including Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Africa, now carry a larger consumption-based methane footprint, with the EU27 nearly doubling its production-based emissions, Africa showing the largest divergence among continents, and the Middle East’s footprint driven almost entirely by imports. To ensure effective mitigation, policy frameworks should integrate trade- adjusted methane estimates so that commitments such as the Global Methane Pledge reflect the full lifecycle of rice production and consumption.