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<p>New particle formation (NPF) in urban environments is affected by precursor availability, aerosol sinks, and meteorology. However, multi-city observational evidence on how planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) evolution modulates the timing and survival of newly formed particles remains limited. Here, we combined particle number size distributions, PBLH observations, and 48 h backward trajectories to examine NPF events in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. During the observation periods, 71, 14, and 10 NPF events were identified, respectively. We classified events according to the timing of particle formation relative to PBLH development: Type I occurred during initial boundary-layer growth, Type II after the boundary layer had developed to a higher level, and Type III showed particle shrinkage. PBLH was generally negatively associated with survival parameter P, with R² values of 0.21, 0.024, and 0.99 in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai, respectively, indicating that the strength of this relationship varied among cities. Overall, these results suggest that boundary-layer evolution is closely linked to NPF timing and particle survival in polluted urban atmospheres.</p>

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Observational insights into the relationship between boundary layer evolution and new particle formation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Hancheng Hu,
  • Yidan Zhang,
  • Yuting Li,
  • Dongyang Pu,
  • Hao Wu

摘要

New particle formation (NPF) in urban environments is affected by precursor availability, aerosol sinks, and meteorology. However, multi-city observational evidence on how planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) evolution modulates the timing and survival of newly formed particles remains limited. Here, we combined particle number size distributions, PBLH observations, and 48 h backward trajectories to examine NPF events in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. During the observation periods, 71, 14, and 10 NPF events were identified, respectively. We classified events according to the timing of particle formation relative to PBLH development: Type I occurred during initial boundary-layer growth, Type II after the boundary layer had developed to a higher level, and Type III showed particle shrinkage. PBLH was generally negatively associated with survival parameter P, with R² values of 0.21, 0.024, and 0.99 in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai, respectively, indicating that the strength of this relationship varied among cities. Overall, these results suggest that boundary-layer evolution is closely linked to NPF timing and particle survival in polluted urban atmospheres.