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<p>2-Ethoxynaphthalene serves as an important intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis, particularly in the preparation of NSAID analogues, and also has applications in the fragrance and dye industries. The present study focuses on the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 2-ethoxynaphthalene via O-alkylation of 2-naphthol using ethyl iodide and tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC). The primary objective was to enhance reaction efficiency by utilizing acoustic cavitation to improve phase transfer and reaction kinetics, thereby reducing energy input and reaction time compared to conventional heating. The optimized reaction conditions established in the study include 2 mmol of 2-naphthol, 2.5 mmol of ethyl iodide, 3 mmol of potassium carbonate, and 5 mol% TBAI in acetonitrile at 55–60 °C for 120 min of sonication. Under these conditions, yield of 82% was achieved, as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis at a retention time of 7.2 min. In comparison, a conventional reflux operation under similar conditions for 4 h resulted in only 42% yield, highlighting the advantage of ultrasound-assisted synthesis. The study clearly demonstrates that ultrasound-assisted phase-transfer catalysis provides an efficient and intensified route for the synthesis of aryl ethers.</p>

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Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 2-ethoxynaphthalene using a phase transfer catalyst

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Swapnil P. Jogdand,
  • Parag R. Gogate

摘要

2-Ethoxynaphthalene serves as an important intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis, particularly in the preparation of NSAID analogues, and also has applications in the fragrance and dye industries. The present study focuses on the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 2-ethoxynaphthalene via O-alkylation of 2-naphthol using ethyl iodide and tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC). The primary objective was to enhance reaction efficiency by utilizing acoustic cavitation to improve phase transfer and reaction kinetics, thereby reducing energy input and reaction time compared to conventional heating. The optimized reaction conditions established in the study include 2 mmol of 2-naphthol, 2.5 mmol of ethyl iodide, 3 mmol of potassium carbonate, and 5 mol% TBAI in acetonitrile at 55–60 °C for 120 min of sonication. Under these conditions, yield of 82% was achieved, as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis at a retention time of 7.2 min. In comparison, a conventional reflux operation under similar conditions for 4 h resulted in only 42% yield, highlighting the advantage of ultrasound-assisted synthesis. The study clearly demonstrates that ultrasound-assisted phase-transfer catalysis provides an efficient and intensified route for the synthesis of aryl ethers.