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<p>Non-optimal temperatures disproportionally affect disadvantaged populations. However, evidence remains limited on how socio-economic disparities differently shape the vulnerability and the associated burden to heat and cold across Europe. We analysed the format-homogeneous daily mortality database of the project EARLY-ADAPT (2000–2019), covering 654 contiguous regions in 32 European countries, thus representing their entire urban and rural populations, to (1) examine how socio-economic factors modified temperature–mortality associations and to (2) quantify the related burden. Regions with higher deprivation and inequality exhibited greater vulnerability to both heat and cold. In contrast, regions with higher gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy and household income showed lower vulnerability to cold but higher to heat. We estimated mortality burdens attributable to socio-economic disparities, with +301,799 temperature-related deaths linked to the inability to keep the home warm, +183,071 to population ageing (≥80 years) and +180,402 for income inequality. These findings highlight the central role of socio-economic inequalities in shaping temperature-related mortality across Europe and the urgent need for equity-focused adaptation strategies.</p>

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Socio-economic factors impact vulnerability to and burden of heat- and cold-related mortality in Europe

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Blanca Paniello-Castillo,
  • Zhao-Yue Chen,
  • Natalia Shartova,
  • Raúl Fernando Méndez Turrubiates,
  • Nadia Beltrán,
  • Fabien Peyrusse,
  • Hicham Achebak,
  • Elena Raffetti,
  • Joan Ballester

摘要

Non-optimal temperatures disproportionally affect disadvantaged populations. However, evidence remains limited on how socio-economic disparities differently shape the vulnerability and the associated burden to heat and cold across Europe. We analysed the format-homogeneous daily mortality database of the project EARLY-ADAPT (2000–2019), covering 654 contiguous regions in 32 European countries, thus representing their entire urban and rural populations, to (1) examine how socio-economic factors modified temperature–mortality associations and to (2) quantify the related burden. Regions with higher deprivation and inequality exhibited greater vulnerability to both heat and cold. In contrast, regions with higher gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy and household income showed lower vulnerability to cold but higher to heat. We estimated mortality burdens attributable to socio-economic disparities, with +301,799 temperature-related deaths linked to the inability to keep the home warm, +183,071 to population ageing (≥80 years) and +180,402 for income inequality. These findings highlight the central role of socio-economic inequalities in shaping temperature-related mortality across Europe and the urgent need for equity-focused adaptation strategies.