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<p>Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) can have certified power conversion efficiencies exceeding 21%, placing them within a performance range relevant for commercialization. In this Review, we analyse OPV development through efficiency optimization, long-term operational stability, scalable processing and manufacturing cost. Strategies in active material design, additive engineering, self-assembled interlayers and synthetic-complexity control are summarized, highlighting how molecular structure, aggregation behaviour, interfacial energetics and material cost collectively govern device performance and degradation. Stability-limiting mechanisms arise across materials, bulk-heterojunction morphology and buried interfaces, underscoring the need to address the system-level coupling between these factors under realistic operating conditions. Developing OPVs towards real-world deployment will require environmentally friendly processability, thick-film tolerance, fluid-dynamics-regulated coating, mechanical flexibility and semi-transparent device architectures. Large-area modules exceeding 10 cm<sup>2</sup> with power conversion efficiencies of ≥15% demonstrate progress towards scalable fabrication. By combining progress across materials, interfaces, device architectures and cost-aware design, applications such as wearable electronics, indoor energy harvesting, building-integrated photovoltaics and agrivoltaic systems can be realized.</p>

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Efficiency, stability and scalable deployment of organic photovoltaics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Juan Zhu,
  • Haiyang Chen,
  • Rui Zhang,
  • Xiaozhang Zhu,
  • Yanming Sun,
  • Feng Gao,
  • Yongfang Li,
  • Yaowen Li

摘要

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) can have certified power conversion efficiencies exceeding 21%, placing them within a performance range relevant for commercialization. In this Review, we analyse OPV development through efficiency optimization, long-term operational stability, scalable processing and manufacturing cost. Strategies in active material design, additive engineering, self-assembled interlayers and synthetic-complexity control are summarized, highlighting how molecular structure, aggregation behaviour, interfacial energetics and material cost collectively govern device performance and degradation. Stability-limiting mechanisms arise across materials, bulk-heterojunction morphology and buried interfaces, underscoring the need to address the system-level coupling between these factors under realistic operating conditions. Developing OPVs towards real-world deployment will require environmentally friendly processability, thick-film tolerance, fluid-dynamics-regulated coating, mechanical flexibility and semi-transparent device architectures. Large-area modules exceeding 10 cm2 with power conversion efficiencies of ≥15% demonstrate progress towards scalable fabrication. By combining progress across materials, interfaces, device architectures and cost-aware design, applications such as wearable electronics, indoor energy harvesting, building-integrated photovoltaics and agrivoltaic systems can be realized.