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<p>Aviation relies on hydrocarbon-based fuels, making sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) produced from biomass and waste an attractive product and a leading technological solution to meet future fuel needs. In this Review, the key aspects of SAF development are examined, comparing the efficiency, economics, environmental impact and scalability of 26 reported synthesis pathways. Technologically mature, regulator-approved SAF production methods rely on a small subset of the 10 billion tonnes of globally available&#xa0;biomass&#xa0;and waste feedstocks,&#xa0;and will be unable to scale to meet global aviation fuel demands. Emerging pathways for SAF production convert the abundant biomass resources via liquefaction, fermentation or gasification into intermediates. These intermediates can then be developed into SAFs via catalytic hydrotreating, oxygenate catalytic conversion or Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Parallel technical advancements across biochemical, thermochemical, catalytic and integrated pathways, combined with a holistic approach that includes feedstock logistics, process optimization, and supportive policy and market frameworks, are essential to fully utilize diverse feedstocks and expand SAF production in a cost-effective manner.</p>

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Feedstocks and processes for global-scale sustainable aviation fuel production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Yuan Jiang,
  • Timothy Seiple,
  • Francesca Pierobon,
  • Oscar Rosales Calderon,
  • Ling Tao,
  • Udishnu Sanyal,
  • Patrick Biller,
  • Zhibin Yang,
  • Joshua S. Heyne,
  • Karthikeyan K. Ramasamy,
  • Huamin Wang

摘要

Aviation relies on hydrocarbon-based fuels, making sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) produced from biomass and waste an attractive product and a leading technological solution to meet future fuel needs. In this Review, the key aspects of SAF development are examined, comparing the efficiency, economics, environmental impact and scalability of 26 reported synthesis pathways. Technologically mature, regulator-approved SAF production methods rely on a small subset of the 10 billion tonnes of globally available biomass and waste feedstocks, and will be unable to scale to meet global aviation fuel demands. Emerging pathways for SAF production convert the abundant biomass resources via liquefaction, fermentation or gasification into intermediates. These intermediates can then be developed into SAFs via catalytic hydrotreating, oxygenate catalytic conversion or Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Parallel technical advancements across biochemical, thermochemical, catalytic and integrated pathways, combined with a holistic approach that includes feedstock logistics, process optimization, and supportive policy and market frameworks, are essential to fully utilize diverse feedstocks and expand SAF production in a cost-effective manner.