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<p>Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have experienced rapid growth since 2015, with over 9.6 GWp installed capacity&#xa0;by 2024, and FPV could become an important source of power generation in land-scarce regions. In this Review, we explore trends in global FPV deployment. The large estimated power-generation potential of FPV, over 22 TWp from 10% of inland water bodies and more than 718 TWp from 10% of offshore areas within exclusive economic zones, indicates FPV’s relevance for meeting energy demands. Capital expenditures have declined to a median of 1.25 USD&#xa0;Wp<sup>–1</sup>; however, levelized cost of electricity generally remains higher than for land-based PV. Nevertheless, ancillary benefits such as water conservation, synergies with hydropower and aquaculture, and reduced land-use conflict enhance FPV’s economic and environmental value. Challenges include increased operations and maintenance complexity and harsher operational conditions compared with land-based systems. The impacts of FPV systems on their local environment require further investigation, and system developers can face regulatory uncertainty. Offshore FPV and hybrid systems with wind, wave and desalination offer new frontiers but require further technical maturation. Coordinated research, policy support and standardization are needed to enable FPV’s full potential as a scalable, low-carbon energy solution.</p>

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Design and implementation of floating photovoltaics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Oktoviano Gandhi,
  • Carlos D. Rodríguez-Gallegos,
  • Shi An Ting,
  • Tasmiat Rahman,
  • Lokesh Vinayagam,
  • Huixuan Sun,
  • Jaffar Moideen Yacob Ali,
  • Gokhan Mert Yagli,
  • Manuel S. Alvarez-Alvarado,
  • Dhanup Somasekharan Pillai,
  • Fen Lin,
  • Thomas Reindl

摘要

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have experienced rapid growth since 2015, with over 9.6 GWp installed capacity by 2024, and FPV could become an important source of power generation in land-scarce regions. In this Review, we explore trends in global FPV deployment. The large estimated power-generation potential of FPV, over 22 TWp from 10% of inland water bodies and more than 718 TWp from 10% of offshore areas within exclusive economic zones, indicates FPV’s relevance for meeting energy demands. Capital expenditures have declined to a median of 1.25 USD Wp–1; however, levelized cost of electricity generally remains higher than for land-based PV. Nevertheless, ancillary benefits such as water conservation, synergies with hydropower and aquaculture, and reduced land-use conflict enhance FPV’s economic and environmental value. Challenges include increased operations and maintenance complexity and harsher operational conditions compared with land-based systems. The impacts of FPV systems on their local environment require further investigation, and system developers can face regulatory uncertainty. Offshore FPV and hybrid systems with wind, wave and desalination offer new frontiers but require further technical maturation. Coordinated research, policy support and standardization are needed to enable FPV’s full potential as a scalable, low-carbon energy solution.