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<p>Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) reuses aggregates from construction and demolition waste (CDW), reducing mining for natural sand and gravel and landfilling with CDW. Historically, concerns about the quality, durability and safety of RAC prevented its broader application, but technical advances have enabled its use in buildings and other infrastructure. In this Review, we discuss the production, properties and application of RAC, the barriers to its uptake and pathways to increase application. Recycled aggregate is produced from CDW and can be processed to remove or strengthen old mortar before use in RAC. Compared with an identical mix ratio of natural aggregate concrete (NAC), RAC often has inferior construction-related and structure-related performance, but can have superior function-related performance. There are structural considerations when using RAC, such as safety and durability, which can be addressed through confinement techniques, optimized reinforcement design and the use of composite structures. Although many technical challenges have been overcome, key barriers to application still remain, including fragmented standards, inadequate policy support, under-developed market mechanisms and delayed social acceptance. Policymakers, engineers, materials scientists and architects will need to work together to enable a shift from a linear model of NAC-based construction (NAConstruction) to a more circular one with RAC-based construction (RAConstruction).</p>

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Recycled aggregate concrete design, application and challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Jianzhuang Xiao,
  • Caihua Yu,
  • Bo Wang,
  • Hui Liu,
  • Chi Sun Poon,
  • Jorge de Brito,
  • Xuwen Xiao,
  • Jiaping Liu,
  • Surendra P. Shah

摘要

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) reuses aggregates from construction and demolition waste (CDW), reducing mining for natural sand and gravel and landfilling with CDW. Historically, concerns about the quality, durability and safety of RAC prevented its broader application, but technical advances have enabled its use in buildings and other infrastructure. In this Review, we discuss the production, properties and application of RAC, the barriers to its uptake and pathways to increase application. Recycled aggregate is produced from CDW and can be processed to remove or strengthen old mortar before use in RAC. Compared with an identical mix ratio of natural aggregate concrete (NAC), RAC often has inferior construction-related and structure-related performance, but can have superior function-related performance. There are structural considerations when using RAC, such as safety and durability, which can be addressed through confinement techniques, optimized reinforcement design and the use of composite structures. Although many technical challenges have been overcome, key barriers to application still remain, including fragmented standards, inadequate policy support, under-developed market mechanisms and delayed social acceptance. Policymakers, engineers, materials scientists and architects will need to work together to enable a shift from a linear model of NAC-based construction (NAConstruction) to a more circular one with RAC-based construction (RAConstruction).