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<p>Thermal technologies, including incineration, pyrolysis and thermal desorption, are full-scale options for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated media. However, these thermal treatments generate products of incomplete destruction (PIDs), and complete PFAS mineralization is rarely achieved below 950 °C. In this Review, we examine the thermal degradation and mineralization pathways of PFAS and the PID-formation mechanisms, and highlight innovative strategies to enhance PFAS mineralization at reduced temperatures. PFAS-removal efficiencies are excellent (over 90%) across thermal technologies provided that high temperatures (above 700 °C) are used; however, mineralization efficiencies are generally less than 40% at temperatures below 700 °C and accompanied by the formation of PIDs, including perfluorocarbon greenhouse gases. Thermal phase transitions of PFAS (solid or sorbed to molten to vapour states) typically precede PFAS decomposition. Vapour containment is therefore essential to minimize fugitive emissions. The use of additives (activated carbon, alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals and platinum-group metals) can substantially minimize PID formation and improve mineralization (to more than 95%) at moderate temperatures (200–500 °C). However, additive-enhanced approaches are at varying stages of readiness, and further validation and process optimization are needed prior to large-scale implementation.</p>

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PFAS thermal treatment approaches and enhancement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Alireza Arhami Dolatabad,
  • Jens Blotevogel,
  • Mohamed Ateia,
  • Jiamin Mai,
  • Ravi Naidu,
  • Kurt Pennell,
  • Joseph J. Pignatello,
  • Anthony Rappe,
  • Mohammednoor Altarawneh,
  • Lloyd Winchell,
  • Xuejia Zhang,
  • Feng Xiao

摘要

Thermal technologies, including incineration, pyrolysis and thermal desorption, are full-scale options for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated media. However, these thermal treatments generate products of incomplete destruction (PIDs), and complete PFAS mineralization is rarely achieved below 950 °C. In this Review, we examine the thermal degradation and mineralization pathways of PFAS and the PID-formation mechanisms, and highlight innovative strategies to enhance PFAS mineralization at reduced temperatures. PFAS-removal efficiencies are excellent (over 90%) across thermal technologies provided that high temperatures (above 700 °C) are used; however, mineralization efficiencies are generally less than 40% at temperatures below 700 °C and accompanied by the formation of PIDs, including perfluorocarbon greenhouse gases. Thermal phase transitions of PFAS (solid or sorbed to molten to vapour states) typically precede PFAS decomposition. Vapour containment is therefore essential to minimize fugitive emissions. The use of additives (activated carbon, alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals and platinum-group metals) can substantially minimize PID formation and improve mineralization (to more than 95%) at moderate temperatures (200–500 °C). However, additive-enhanced approaches are at varying stages of readiness, and further validation and process optimization are needed prior to large-scale implementation.