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<p>The steel industry is responsible for between 7% and 9% of global CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub>e) emissions. A total 70.4% of global steelmaking uses the blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) method, which emits 2.32 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>e per tonne of steel produced (tCO<sub>2</sub>e&#xa0;t<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>). The majority of the remaining approximately 29% of global steel production uses the electric arc furnace (EAF) method, which typically reduces CO<sub>2</sub>e emissions to 1.43–0.70 tCO<sub>2</sub>e&#xa0;t<sup>–1</sup>. In this Review, we summarize trends for decarbonizing the steel sector. Replacing BF-BOF production with the EAF method lowers CO<sub>2</sub>e emissions per tonne of iron, but is dependent on scrap quality and supply chains, and access to low-emission electricity. BF-BOF processes can replace fossil fuels with biomass, plastic waste and hydrogen, and the process produces high-purity CO<sub>2</sub> gas that could be captured and reacted with CaO by-products also produced by the blast furnace to create commercially useful products. Finally, alternative low-emission ironmaking technologies such as smelting reduction processes, the molten oxide electrolysis process or hydrogen direct reduced iron are being trialled at pilot or commercial-scale facilities. The economic feasibility and carbon-emission reduction potential of each approach is sensitive to regional differences and demands, precluding a one-size-fits-all solution.</p>

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Routes to reducing emissions from steel production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Claire Davis,
  • Zushu Li,
  • Peter Styring,
  • Richard Curry,
  • Peter J. Holliman

摘要

The steel industry is responsible for between 7% and 9% of global CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions. A total 70.4% of global steelmaking uses the blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) method, which emits 2.32 tonnes of CO2e per tonne of steel produced (tCO2e t−1). The majority of the remaining approximately 29% of global steel production uses the electric arc furnace (EAF) method, which typically reduces CO2e emissions to 1.43–0.70 tCO2e t–1. In this Review, we summarize trends for decarbonizing the steel sector. Replacing BF-BOF production with the EAF method lowers CO2e emissions per tonne of iron, but is dependent on scrap quality and supply chains, and access to low-emission electricity. BF-BOF processes can replace fossil fuels with biomass, plastic waste and hydrogen, and the process produces high-purity CO2 gas that could be captured and reacted with CaO by-products also produced by the blast furnace to create commercially useful products. Finally, alternative low-emission ironmaking technologies such as smelting reduction processes, the molten oxide electrolysis process or hydrogen direct reduced iron are being trialled at pilot or commercial-scale facilities. The economic feasibility and carbon-emission reduction potential of each approach is sensitive to regional differences and demands, precluding a one-size-fits-all solution.