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<p>Indoor temperature control is responsible for half of the energy consumption in buildings. Electrochromic smart windows (ESWs) actively control the transfer of light and heat, which could increase the energy efficiency of buildings by helping to control indoor temperatures on demand. However, the implementation of ESW continues to encounter challenges in terms of colour neutrality, long-term durability, effective recyclability and integrability. Some commercial organic ESWs have been installed, but implementing superior inorganic ESWs to improve building energy efficiency deserves more investigation. In this Review, we discuss the working modes, assembly protocols and implementation of ESWs. Key aspects of ESW effectiveness and operation include material selection and electrochemical and optical processes. In addition, we argue for the use of dual-band regulation and reversible metal-deposition technology in inorganic ESWs. Alternative transparent conductors (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and metal grids), additive manufacturing methods, high integration levels and retrofittable electrochromic thin films could enable more effective and widely applicable inorganic ESWs by overcoming the issues of cost-effectiveness, scalability and durability.</p>

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Inorganic electrochromic smart windows for advancing building energy efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月19日

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  • Feifei Zhao,
  • Bin Wang,
  • Bingkun Huang,
  • Wu Zhang,
  • Jingwei Chen,
  • Linhua Liu,
  • Hongzhi Wang,
  • Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi,
  • Pooi See Lee,
  • Delia J. Milliron,
  • William W. Yu,
  • Haizeng Li

摘要

Indoor temperature control is responsible for half of the energy consumption in buildings. Electrochromic smart windows (ESWs) actively control the transfer of light and heat, which could increase the energy efficiency of buildings by helping to control indoor temperatures on demand. However, the implementation of ESW continues to encounter challenges in terms of colour neutrality, long-term durability, effective recyclability and integrability. Some commercial organic ESWs have been installed, but implementing superior inorganic ESWs to improve building energy efficiency deserves more investigation. In this Review, we discuss the working modes, assembly protocols and implementation of ESWs. Key aspects of ESW effectiveness and operation include material selection and electrochemical and optical processes. In addition, we argue for the use of dual-band regulation and reversible metal-deposition technology in inorganic ESWs. Alternative transparent conductors (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and metal grids), additive manufacturing methods, high integration levels and retrofittable electrochromic thin films could enable more effective and widely applicable inorganic ESWs by overcoming the issues of cost-effectiveness, scalability and durability.