Structural basis of 3′-tRNA maturation by the human mitochondrial RNase Z complex

Maturation of human mitochondrial tRNA is essential for cellular energy production, yet the underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. Here, we present several cryo-EM structures of the mitochondrial RNase Z complex (ELAC2/SDR5C1/TRMT10C) bound to different maturation states of mitochondrial tRNA^His, showing the molecular basis for tRNA-substrate selection and catalysis. Our structural insights provide a molecular rationale for the 5′-to-3′ tRNA processing order in mitochondria, the 3′-CCA antideterminant effect, and the basis for sequence-independent recognition of mitochondrial tRNA substrates. Furthermore, our study links mutations in ELAC2 to clinically relevant mitochondrial diseases, offering a deeper understanding of the molecular defects contributing to these conditions.