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<p>The increasing global demand for sustainable waste valorization and organic soil amendments has driven interest in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) mediated bioconversion. This study investigated co-composting of fecal sludge cake (FSC) with cattle manure (CM) or fruit/vegetable waste (FVW). Seven treatments were tested: T1 (100% FSC, control); T2 (75% FSC + 25% CM); T3 (65% FSC + 35% CM); T4 (55% FSC + 45% CM); T5 (75% FSC + 25% FVW); T6 (65% FSC + 35% FVW); and T7 (55% FSC + 45% FVW). BSFL composting significantly altered substrate properties: frass pH increased from 7.08–7.63 to 7.49–7.96, moisture content declined by 24–32%, and organic carbon decreased 14–46%. Nitrogen increased most in FVW-amended treatments (14–22%), phosphorus was highest in the FSC control (20–21 g/kg), and potassium peaked in T7 (16–20 g/kg). Among all treatments, T7, with the highest FVW proportion, achieved the most balanced nutrient enrichment and the most effective organic matter stabilization. Essential elements exhibited substrate-dependent trends: magnesium and silicon increased, while calcium, sulfur, and micronutrients (zinc, molybdenum, copper, iron, manganese, and chlorine) decreased by 16–44%. These results demonstrate that BSFL co-composting efficiently converts high-organic wastes into nutrient-dense soil amendments, with feedstock composition critically influencing agronomic quality. The process offers a viable circular bio-economy strategy for integrated organic waste management and fertilizer production.</p>

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Black Soldier Fly composting of fecal sludge cake and its effects on frass quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Agnes Nalunga,
  • Allan John Komakech,
  • Jeninah Karungi,
  • Fred Kabi,
  • Therese Schwarzböck

摘要

The increasing global demand for sustainable waste valorization and organic soil amendments has driven interest in Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) mediated bioconversion. This study investigated co-composting of fecal sludge cake (FSC) with cattle manure (CM) or fruit/vegetable waste (FVW). Seven treatments were tested: T1 (100% FSC, control); T2 (75% FSC + 25% CM); T3 (65% FSC + 35% CM); T4 (55% FSC + 45% CM); T5 (75% FSC + 25% FVW); T6 (65% FSC + 35% FVW); and T7 (55% FSC + 45% FVW). BSFL composting significantly altered substrate properties: frass pH increased from 7.08–7.63 to 7.49–7.96, moisture content declined by 24–32%, and organic carbon decreased 14–46%. Nitrogen increased most in FVW-amended treatments (14–22%), phosphorus was highest in the FSC control (20–21 g/kg), and potassium peaked in T7 (16–20 g/kg). Among all treatments, T7, with the highest FVW proportion, achieved the most balanced nutrient enrichment and the most effective organic matter stabilization. Essential elements exhibited substrate-dependent trends: magnesium and silicon increased, while calcium, sulfur, and micronutrients (zinc, molybdenum, copper, iron, manganese, and chlorine) decreased by 16–44%. These results demonstrate that BSFL co-composting efficiently converts high-organic wastes into nutrient-dense soil amendments, with feedstock composition critically influencing agronomic quality. The process offers a viable circular bio-economy strategy for integrated organic waste management and fertilizer production.