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<p>Bioplastics promise lower-carbon alternatives to conventional plastics, yet their environmental performance remains contested. This review synthesizes evidence across three pillars: degradation pathways and micro/nanoplastic generation; chemical leaching and disinfection-by-product formation; and life-cycle impacts and circularity. We integrate toxicological data, real-world fate, and evolving EU/US/ISO standards, highlighting research gaps. We outline priorities, improving end-of-life infrastructure, recyclable design, and harmonized, global assessments, to transition bioplastics from aspirational substitutes to demonstrably sustainable materials.</p>

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Environmental performance of bioplastics: degradation pathways, chemical leaching, and life-cycle implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Vigneshwaran Shanmugam,
  • Elif Kaynak,
  • Oisik Das,
  • Lokesh P. Padhye

摘要

Bioplastics promise lower-carbon alternatives to conventional plastics, yet their environmental performance remains contested. This review synthesizes evidence across three pillars: degradation pathways and micro/nanoplastic generation; chemical leaching and disinfection-by-product formation; and life-cycle impacts and circularity. We integrate toxicological data, real-world fate, and evolving EU/US/ISO standards, highlighting research gaps. We outline priorities, improving end-of-life infrastructure, recyclable design, and harmonized, global assessments, to transition bioplastics from aspirational substitutes to demonstrably sustainable materials.