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<p>Women experience a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) disease, with higher mortality and greater life-years lost than men. Despite this, sex-specific evidence guiding CKM risk assessment and management remains limited. Female-specific factors, including pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hormonal transitions, and menopause are inconsistently integrated into care, while women remain underrepresented in trials. This review highlights sex-based CKM differences and priorities for equitable, life-course–informed prevention and management in women.</p>

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Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome in women: a hormonal stage–informed precision approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Taraneh Mousavi,
  • Fatemeh Yazdanfar,
  • Shaya Nikfar,
  • Reza Khorsan,
  • Mohammad Kamgar,
  • Marmar Vaseghi,
  • Niloofar Nobakht

摘要

Women experience a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) disease, with higher mortality and greater life-years lost than men. Despite this, sex-specific evidence guiding CKM risk assessment and management remains limited. Female-specific factors, including pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hormonal transitions, and menopause are inconsistently integrated into care, while women remain underrepresented in trials. This review highlights sex-based CKM differences and priorities for equitable, life-course–informed prevention and management in women.