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<p>Alkaline water electrolysis supplies most installed water-electrolyser capacity, yet the technology and its perceived limits have not fundamentally changed in a century. Rather than inherent chemistry, we argue that&#xa0;these limits are the consequence of traditional&#xa0;operating conditions at&#xa0;near-atmospheric pressure, low current density, and steady state.&#xa0;The&#xa0;performance gap with proton exchange membrane systems persists across a coupled hierarchy of losses: kinetic and ohmic losses at the electrodes and separator in concentrated KOH; shunt and reverse currents along the manifolds of bipolar stacks; and power-conversion, compression and thermal-management losses at the plant level. In this Review, we outline how closing this gap calls for coordinated advances in electrode and separator materials, stack architecture, power electronics and plant-level integration, evaluated under realistic industrial conditions of concentrated alkali, elevated temperature and pressure, and dynamic loads. By pursuing these advances, we can rebuild alkaline electrolysis from first principles into a flexible workhorse for low-carbon hydrogen&#xa0;production.</p>

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Rethinking alkaline water electrolysis under industrial conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Christopher Pantayatiwong Liu,
  • Maria Pagliaro,
  • Anastasiia Semenova,
  • Grace Lindquist,
  • Alessandro Lavacchi,
  • Plamen Atanassov,
  • Ilia Valov

摘要

Alkaline water electrolysis supplies most installed water-electrolyser capacity, yet the technology and its perceived limits have not fundamentally changed in a century. Rather than inherent chemistry, we argue that these limits are the consequence of traditional operating conditions at near-atmospheric pressure, low current density, and steady state. The performance gap with proton exchange membrane systems persists across a coupled hierarchy of losses: kinetic and ohmic losses at the electrodes and separator in concentrated KOH; shunt and reverse currents along the manifolds of bipolar stacks; and power-conversion, compression and thermal-management losses at the plant level. In this Review, we outline how closing this gap calls for coordinated advances in electrode and separator materials, stack architecture, power electronics and plant-level integration, evaluated under realistic industrial conditions of concentrated alkali, elevated temperature and pressure, and dynamic loads. By pursuing these advances, we can rebuild alkaline electrolysis from first principles into a flexible workhorse for low-carbon hydrogen production.