Metal electrodes for next-generation rechargeable batteries

The electrification of transport and the transition to renewable energy sources are driving demand for the versatile and efficient storage of electrical energy — principally batteries, which can store energy with high efficiency, in a variety of designs and sizes. Compared to conventional batteries that contain insertion anodes, next-generation rechargeable batteries with metal anodes can yield more favourable energy densities, thanks to their high specific capacities and low electrode potentials. In this Review, we cover recent progress in metal anodes for rechargeable batteries. We examine design concepts and application opportunities and highlight the differences between metal and insertion-type electrodes in interface (two-dimensional) and interphase (three-dimensional) chemistries. We conclude by analysing the available cell chemistries and architectures, focusing on the design strategies for sustainability, as well as discussing existing roadmaps for next-generation batteries.