Sustainable plug-in electric vehicle integration into power systems

Integrating plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the power and transport sectors can help to reduce global CO₂ emissions. This synergy can be achieved with advances in battery technology, charging infrastructures, power grids and their interaction with the environment. In this Review, we survey the latest research trends and technologies for sustainable PEV–power system integration. We first provide the rationale behind addressing the requirements for such integration, followed by an overview of strategies for planning PEV charging infrastructures. Next, we introduce smart PEV charging and discharging technologies for cost-efficient and safe power system operations. We then discuss how PEVs can help to promote clean energy adoption and decarbonize the interconnected power and transport systems. Finally, we outline remaining challenges and provide a forward-looking road map for the sustainable integration of PEVs into power systems.