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<p>Early settlements faced hydrological opportunities and constraints that informed transitions to urban living. Along the way, imbalances between urban expansion and infrastructural development and hydrological systems could threaten the sustainability of growing settlements. Here using archeological data and spatial modeling, we examine 2,106 early settlements dating from 8.5 ka <span>BP</span> to 2.72 ka <span>BP</span> in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. We trace how the distribution of settlements and hydrological conditions changed over time, focusing on associated trajectories of spatial pattern and hydrological adaptation. Results show that hydrological factors consistently influenced settlement patterns, even as settlements built infrastructure to manage floods and water access. Despite these efforts, cultural decline still occurred, revealing a persistent asymmetry between settlement pattern and hydrological adaptability. Our findings provide historical insight into how long-term vulnerabilities emerged in flood-prone environments, offering perspectives for understanding both past and future challenges in urban sustainability.</p>

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Tension between spatial pattern and hydrological adaptability in early Yangtze River Basin settlements

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Jiayin Zhang,
  • Fang Wang,
  • Ying Dong,
  • Shaoyi Mao,
  • Changping Zhang,
  • Xie Hu,
  • Chao Ning,
  • Jianli Chen,
  • Jianbao Liu,
  • Yiyong Chen,
  • Jianguo Liu,
  • Qin Fang

摘要

Early settlements faced hydrological opportunities and constraints that informed transitions to urban living. Along the way, imbalances between urban expansion and infrastructural development and hydrological systems could threaten the sustainability of growing settlements. Here using archeological data and spatial modeling, we examine 2,106 early settlements dating from 8.5 ka BP to 2.72 ka BP in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. We trace how the distribution of settlements and hydrological conditions changed over time, focusing on associated trajectories of spatial pattern and hydrological adaptation. Results show that hydrological factors consistently influenced settlement patterns, even as settlements built infrastructure to manage floods and water access. Despite these efforts, cultural decline still occurred, revealing a persistent asymmetry between settlement pattern and hydrological adaptability. Our findings provide historical insight into how long-term vulnerabilities emerged in flood-prone environments, offering perspectives for understanding both past and future challenges in urban sustainability.