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<p>Human populations are increasingly concentrated in cities, creating some of Earth’s most modified ecosystems. However, we lack concepts for assessing heterogenous urban environments, especially their soils, at large spatial scales. Here we uncover fine-scale urban climate and soil patterns across 326 European cities by using more than 80 million crowd-sensed plant observations as living sensors of the environment. In addition to the urban heat island, we identify similar contrasts between the built-up and green areas for moisture, soil pH, salinity and soil disturbance. These within-city environmental contrasts correspond to differences between cities that are about 1,500–3,000 km apart. Climate, especially soil, conditions are more similar between cities for built-up areas than for forests, indicating urban homogenization tendencies. Urban forests serve as a source of environmental diversity, cooling and moisture retention. The crowd sensing of urban environments is facilitated by their citizens, which can support science, policy and help guide urban planning toward livable cities.</p>

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Urbanization signatures on climate and soils uncovered by crowd-sensed plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Susanne Tautenhahn,
  • Martin Jung,
  • Michael Rzanny,
  • Patrick Mäder,
  • Markus Reichstein,
  • Bernhard Ahrens,
  • Anke Bebber,
  • David Boho,
  • Milan Chytrý,
  • Jürgen Dengler,
  • Florian Jansen,
  • Negin Katal,
  • Gabriele Midolo,
  • Lubomír Tichý,
  • Sophia Walther,
  • Ulrich Weber,
  • Hans Christian Wittich,
  • Jana Wäldchen

摘要

Human populations are increasingly concentrated in cities, creating some of Earth’s most modified ecosystems. However, we lack concepts for assessing heterogenous urban environments, especially their soils, at large spatial scales. Here we uncover fine-scale urban climate and soil patterns across 326 European cities by using more than 80 million crowd-sensed plant observations as living sensors of the environment. In addition to the urban heat island, we identify similar contrasts between the built-up and green areas for moisture, soil pH, salinity and soil disturbance. These within-city environmental contrasts correspond to differences between cities that are about 1,500–3,000 km apart. Climate, especially soil, conditions are more similar between cities for built-up areas than for forests, indicating urban homogenization tendencies. Urban forests serve as a source of environmental diversity, cooling and moisture retention. The crowd sensing of urban environments is facilitated by their citizens, which can support science, policy and help guide urban planning toward livable cities.