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<p>The escalating global demand for urban cooling has increased the need to integrate nature-based solutions (NBS) into urban planning. These strategies help mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce energy use associated with buildings. Despite growing interest in NBS, comparative evidence on their climate-specific and scale-dependent performance remains limited. We conduct a systematic meta-analysis of 373 peer-reviewed studies (2013–2025) spanning all 16 Köppen–Geiger climate zones. The results reveal that NBS reduce daytime temperatures by 2.04 ± 0.17 °C during hot periods and lower annual cooling loads by 1.32 ± 0.06% globally. Green infrastructure outperforms blue infrastructure in both thermal regulation and energy savings across most climates. The spatial scale also critically shapes outcomes, as neighborhood-scale NBS deliver the strongest cooling effects (−2.22 ± 0.25 °C) while building-scale strategies yield optimal energy savings (8.62 ± 0.78%). These climate- and scale-dependent patterns provide actionable guidance for prioritizing NBS to strengthen urban energy resilience.</p>

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Urban cooling and energy-saving effects of nature-based solutions across types and scales

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Hailu Wei,
  • Xiaohang Bai,
  • Qinhui Lu,
  • Jiyuan Wu,
  • Fengmin Su,
  • Tianzhen Hong,
  • Qinran Hu,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Steven Jige Quan,
  • Zhixing Luo,
  • Yilong Han

摘要

The escalating global demand for urban cooling has increased the need to integrate nature-based solutions (NBS) into urban planning. These strategies help mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce energy use associated with buildings. Despite growing interest in NBS, comparative evidence on their climate-specific and scale-dependent performance remains limited. We conduct a systematic meta-analysis of 373 peer-reviewed studies (2013–2025) spanning all 16 Köppen–Geiger climate zones. The results reveal that NBS reduce daytime temperatures by 2.04 ± 0.17 °C during hot periods and lower annual cooling loads by 1.32 ± 0.06% globally. Green infrastructure outperforms blue infrastructure in both thermal regulation and energy savings across most climates. The spatial scale also critically shapes outcomes, as neighborhood-scale NBS deliver the strongest cooling effects (−2.22 ± 0.25 °C) while building-scale strategies yield optimal energy savings (8.62 ± 0.78%). These climate- and scale-dependent patterns provide actionable guidance for prioritizing NBS to strengthen urban energy resilience.