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<p>The tree microbiome, the community of bacteria and fungi that live in and on trees, is a critical determinant of tree and ecosystem functioning, but human-caused disturbances can disrupt natural microbe–tree relationships. Here we show that urbanization shifts the structure and composition of the oak tree microbiome, reducing mutualistic root and leaf symbionts and increasing decomposers and pathogens, including those relevant to plant, animal and human health. These shifts correlate with urban stressors such as heat, drought and atmospheric aerosol deposition. Urban tree microbiomes also show altered biogeochemical cycling capabilities, with higher potential for nitrogen loss through greenhouse gas (N<sub>2</sub>O) production and reduced capacity for methane consumption relative to rural trees. Urbanization reduces overall tree microbiome diversity, particularly among non-pathogenic microbes, potentially diminishing the ecological and health benefits of environmental microbiomes in cities.</p>

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Disruption of the oak tree microbiome with urbanization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Kathryn F. Atherton,
  • Chikae Tatsumi,
  • Isabelle Frenette,
  • David Heaton,
  • Ian A. Smith,
  • Lucy R. Hutyra,
  • Pamela H. Templer,
  • Jennifer M. Bhatnagar

摘要

The tree microbiome, the community of bacteria and fungi that live in and on trees, is a critical determinant of tree and ecosystem functioning, but human-caused disturbances can disrupt natural microbe–tree relationships. Here we show that urbanization shifts the structure and composition of the oak tree microbiome, reducing mutualistic root and leaf symbionts and increasing decomposers and pathogens, including those relevant to plant, animal and human health. These shifts correlate with urban stressors such as heat, drought and atmospheric aerosol deposition. Urban tree microbiomes also show altered biogeochemical cycling capabilities, with higher potential for nitrogen loss through greenhouse gas (N2O) production and reduced capacity for methane consumption relative to rural trees. Urbanization reduces overall tree microbiome diversity, particularly among non-pathogenic microbes, potentially diminishing the ecological and health benefits of environmental microbiomes in cities.