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<p>Nature experiences in biodiversity-rich recreational areas (recreation-permitted protected areas, Key Biodiversity Areas and intact forest landscapes) can provide an extra benefit to mental health compared to managed urban green spaces. However, to what extent urban residents have access to these experiences globally and their cost-effectiveness as mental health treatments remain unclear. Assessing 9,034 cities globally, we find that over 96% of cities have biodiversity-rich recreational areas within two hours, with the affordability of experiences and visiting rates being highest in Europe, Oceania and North America. The extra benefits of experiences in biodiversity-rich recreational areas near cities reduces 137,299 (90% uncertainty range: 10,368–598,509) disability-adjusted life years of depression and anxiety and appears as a cost-effective public health intervention in developed settings in Europe, North America and South America. Lowering traveling costs by establishing new highly biodiverse recreation-permitted protected areas near cities would be a nature-based mental health intervention with potential to benefit biodiversity and urban residents’ health.</p>

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Biodiversity-rich recreational areas near cities as a nature-based mental health solution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Cong Xia,
  • Shougeng Hu,
  • Zongnan Hu,
  • Yanyun Yan,
  • L. Roman Carrasco

摘要

Nature experiences in biodiversity-rich recreational areas (recreation-permitted protected areas, Key Biodiversity Areas and intact forest landscapes) can provide an extra benefit to mental health compared to managed urban green spaces. However, to what extent urban residents have access to these experiences globally and their cost-effectiveness as mental health treatments remain unclear. Assessing 9,034 cities globally, we find that over 96% of cities have biodiversity-rich recreational areas within two hours, with the affordability of experiences and visiting rates being highest in Europe, Oceania and North America. The extra benefits of experiences in biodiversity-rich recreational areas near cities reduces 137,299 (90% uncertainty range: 10,368–598,509) disability-adjusted life years of depression and anxiety and appears as a cost-effective public health intervention in developed settings in Europe, North America and South America. Lowering traveling costs by establishing new highly biodiverse recreation-permitted protected areas near cities would be a nature-based mental health intervention with potential to benefit biodiversity and urban residents’ health.