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<p>Children are a heterogeneous population, and their physiology differs from adults in terms of physical size, body composition, organ development and metabolism; all of which impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of administered medications. However, less than 50% of therapeutics are evaluated in paediatric patients, and more than 40% of medications prescribed to children are used off-label. Therefore, there is a critical need to design medicines intentionally for children. Precision therapies for children require constituent biomaterial-based drug delivery systems that are engineered to target distinct microenvironments of paediatric patients. In this Review, we examine the specific anatomy, physiology and immune profiles of paediatric populations. By exploring the biological barriers and opportunities for drug delivery across three developmental stages — fetal (before birth), infant (birth to 23 months) child (2 years to adolescence) — we highlight considerations for the design of biomaterial-based drug delivery systems aimed at advancing translational paediatric medicines.</p>

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Engineering considerations for paediatric drug delivery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月12日

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  • Rohan Palanki,
  • William H. Peranteau,
  • Michael J. Mitchell

摘要

Children are a heterogeneous population, and their physiology differs from adults in terms of physical size, body composition, organ development and metabolism; all of which impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of administered medications. However, less than 50% of therapeutics are evaluated in paediatric patients, and more than 40% of medications prescribed to children are used off-label. Therefore, there is a critical need to design medicines intentionally for children. Precision therapies for children require constituent biomaterial-based drug delivery systems that are engineered to target distinct microenvironments of paediatric patients. In this Review, we examine the specific anatomy, physiology and immune profiles of paediatric populations. By exploring the biological barriers and opportunities for drug delivery across three developmental stages — fetal (before birth), infant (birth to 23 months) child (2 years to adolescence) — we highlight considerations for the design of biomaterial-based drug delivery systems aimed at advancing translational paediatric medicines.