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<p>Cancers that are detected early, prior to stage III, often have higher survival rates and better treatment outcomes. However, most cancers are detected late, limiting treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need for early detection and interception. A major challenge in the field is the scarcity of clinical samples of pre-malignant and early-stage tumours, especially in hard-to-access tissue sites, which has created a knowledge gap between early cancer and late-stage or metastatic disease. Advances in tissue engineering and biofabrication of in vitro models, including bioprinting, organoids and organs-on-a-chip, provide opportunities to engineer high-fidelity&#xa0;new approach methodology models of early cancer. This opens up prospects to improve the understanding of early cancer biology, the conditions that differentiate indolent from malignant tumours and mechanistic discovery of early cancer biomarkers. In this Review, we discuss the uses of tissue engineering and biofabrication for modelling pre- and early cancer lesions, the challenges involved and the potential these models offer to provide insights into early cancer detection, interception and treatment strategies.</p>

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Engineering and biofabrication of early cancer models

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Haylie R. Helms,
  • Alexander E. Davies,
  • Carolyn E. Schutt,
  • Ellen M. Langer,
  • Rebekka Duhen,
  • Prima Dewi Sinawang,
  • Demir Akin,
  • Utkan Demirci,
  • Sadik C. Esener,
  • Rebecca C. Fitzgerald,
  • Luiz E. Bertassoni

摘要

Cancers that are detected early, prior to stage III, often have higher survival rates and better treatment outcomes. However, most cancers are detected late, limiting treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need for early detection and interception. A major challenge in the field is the scarcity of clinical samples of pre-malignant and early-stage tumours, especially in hard-to-access tissue sites, which has created a knowledge gap between early cancer and late-stage or metastatic disease. Advances in tissue engineering and biofabrication of in vitro models, including bioprinting, organoids and organs-on-a-chip, provide opportunities to engineer high-fidelity new approach methodology models of early cancer. This opens up prospects to improve the understanding of early cancer biology, the conditions that differentiate indolent from malignant tumours and mechanistic discovery of early cancer biomarkers. In this Review, we discuss the uses of tissue engineering and biofabrication for modelling pre- and early cancer lesions, the challenges involved and the potential these models offer to provide insights into early cancer detection, interception and treatment strategies.