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<p>Metastatic cancer remains difficult to treat. Nanomedicine formulations can accumulate in primary tumours and metastases and can be designed to target key components of the metastatic cascade, including cancer cell invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation and colonization. Eight antimetastatic nanomedicines are approved for clinical use, more than twenty antimetastatic nanomedicines are currently explored in clinical trials and various designs are preclinically explored. In this Review, we outline key in vitro and in vivo models to study metastatic cancer and discuss how the different steps of the metastatic cascade can be targeted by nanomedicines. Furthermore, we highlight the design of antimetastatic nanomedicines for tumour microenvironment modulation, active&#xa0;targeting, stimuli-responsive drug release, multidrug combination therapy, RNA delivery and immunotherapy. Finally, we explore key future milestones in this field, emphasizing the importance of patient stratification in the clinical testing and translation of antimetastatic nanomedicines.</p>

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Targeting metastasis with nanomedicine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月12日

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  • Roger M. Pallares,
  • Lorena Consolino,
  • Alec Wang,
  • Federica De Lorenzi,
  • Fabian Kiessling,
  • Avi Schroeder,
  • Twan Lammers

摘要

Metastatic cancer remains difficult to treat. Nanomedicine formulations can accumulate in primary tumours and metastases and can be designed to target key components of the metastatic cascade, including cancer cell invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation and colonization. Eight antimetastatic nanomedicines are approved for clinical use, more than twenty antimetastatic nanomedicines are currently explored in clinical trials and various designs are preclinically explored. In this Review, we outline key in vitro and in vivo models to study metastatic cancer and discuss how the different steps of the metastatic cascade can be targeted by nanomedicines. Furthermore, we highlight the design of antimetastatic nanomedicines for tumour microenvironment modulation, active targeting, stimuli-responsive drug release, multidrug combination therapy, RNA delivery and immunotherapy. Finally, we explore key future milestones in this field, emphasizing the importance of patient stratification in the clinical testing and translation of antimetastatic nanomedicines.