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<p>Despite decades of research, forecasting and controlling freshwater cyanobacterial blooms and microcystin (MC) toxins remains challenging. Whereas eutrophication and climate change can enhance cyanobacterial growth rates, MC concentrations do not always increase with biomass. This unpredictability stems from a dynamic equilibrium between MC production and degradation, a process governed by complex interactions among physiological traits, microbial communities and ecological feedbacks that are still poorly understood. This Review synthesizes emerging insights into how MCs may shape cyanobacterial niche space, from predator–prey dynamics to biogeochemical cycling, to favour bloom persistence. We evaluate current removal strategies, highlighting that although advanced treatment technologies exist, most are impractical at ecosystem scales. Constructed wetlands present a more scalable solution, yet the biotic and abiotic processes that govern their effectiveness require further elucidation. Finally, we identify critical knowledge gaps and outline research priorities that are essential for improving MC prediction and mitigation in a rapidly changing world.</p>

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Multiscale regulation of microcystin production, persistence and degradation in inland waters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Jessica Lerminiaux,
  • Matthew J. Bogard,
  • Peter R. Leavitt,
  • Richard J. Vogt,
  • Kerri Finlay

摘要

Despite decades of research, forecasting and controlling freshwater cyanobacterial blooms and microcystin (MC) toxins remains challenging. Whereas eutrophication and climate change can enhance cyanobacterial growth rates, MC concentrations do not always increase with biomass. This unpredictability stems from a dynamic equilibrium between MC production and degradation, a process governed by complex interactions among physiological traits, microbial communities and ecological feedbacks that are still poorly understood. This Review synthesizes emerging insights into how MCs may shape cyanobacterial niche space, from predator–prey dynamics to biogeochemical cycling, to favour bloom persistence. We evaluate current removal strategies, highlighting that although advanced treatment technologies exist, most are impractical at ecosystem scales. Constructed wetlands present a more scalable solution, yet the biotic and abiotic processes that govern their effectiveness require further elucidation. Finally, we identify critical knowledge gaps and outline research priorities that are essential for improving MC prediction and mitigation in a rapidly changing world.