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<p>Fire hydrants are widely installed in drinking water distribution systems, where stagnant water forms multiple ‘high-risk zones’. The stagnant water quality at hydrant terminals has been poorly studied. Here we show that stagnant water exhibited an 18-fold increase in manganese, a 40-fold increase in total cell counts, a 13-fold increase in adenosine triphosphate and enrichment of opportunistic pathogens compared with flowing water. Notable changes were also observed in microbial communities and dissolved organic matter composition, including shifts in dominant bacterial taxa, transformation of saturated oxidized compounds and generation of unsaturated reduced compounds. This study also explored the ecological mechanisms underlying the covariation of microorganisms and dissolved organic matter after water stagnation. This finding provides an additional possibility for drinking water quality deterioration in drinking water distribution systems, highlighting the potential threat posed by stagnant water in non-consumer terminals (fire hydrants) to water safety.</p>

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Coupled chemical–microbial deterioration in stagnant fire hydrant branches threatens drinking water quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月2日

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  • Mengqing Fan,
  • Qiang Xu,
  • Xiaoxuan Wang,
  • Zhiwei Fang,
  • Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht,
  • Martin Pabst,
  • Yu Tao,
  • Joan B. Rose,
  • Walter van der Meer,
  • Gang Liu

摘要

Fire hydrants are widely installed in drinking water distribution systems, where stagnant water forms multiple ‘high-risk zones’. The stagnant water quality at hydrant terminals has been poorly studied. Here we show that stagnant water exhibited an 18-fold increase in manganese, a 40-fold increase in total cell counts, a 13-fold increase in adenosine triphosphate and enrichment of opportunistic pathogens compared with flowing water. Notable changes were also observed in microbial communities and dissolved organic matter composition, including shifts in dominant bacterial taxa, transformation of saturated oxidized compounds and generation of unsaturated reduced compounds. This study also explored the ecological mechanisms underlying the covariation of microorganisms and dissolved organic matter after water stagnation. This finding provides an additional possibility for drinking water quality deterioration in drinking water distribution systems, highlighting the potential threat posed by stagnant water in non-consumer terminals (fire hydrants) to water safety.