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<p>Biohybrid robots driven by living muscles feature ultrasoftness, biocompatibility, and low energy consumption, but are currently limited by mechanical mismatch with rigid control systems. Soft electronics provide a compatible interface, enabling moderate stimulation and real-time sensing. This perspective highlights soft electrodes, sensors, and integration strategies that enhance the durability and functionality of biohybrid robots. We demonstrate a vision of biohybrid evolution boosted by soft electronics.</p>

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Biohybrid robots evolutionized by soft electronics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Hongyu Wang,
  • Shota Noda,
  • Shoji Takeuchi,
  • Naoji Matsuhisa

摘要

Biohybrid robots driven by living muscles feature ultrasoftness, biocompatibility, and low energy consumption, but are currently limited by mechanical mismatch with rigid control systems. Soft electronics provide a compatible interface, enabling moderate stimulation and real-time sensing. This perspective highlights soft electrodes, sensors, and integration strategies that enhance the durability and functionality of biohybrid robots. We demonstrate a vision of biohybrid evolution boosted by soft electronics.