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<p>Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are carbon-neutral alternative to petroleum-derived chemicals, offering sustainable valorization for waste activated sludge. Current bioproduction systems, however, face a critical dual bottleneck stemming from complex sludge matrices and inefficient carbon flux regulation. Here, we develop a stage-optimized modulation strategy employing alkaline biochar (AlkBC)-ferrate to sequentially enhance sludge solubilization and targeted MCFA-producing fermentation. Maximum MCFA production reaches 10495.0 mg chemical oxygen demand L<sup>-1</sup>, 20.6-, 15.2- and 2.3-fold higher than the control, AlkBC-alone and ferrate-alone groups, respectively. Mechanistically, AlkBC initiates ferrate activation to produce metastable Fe(IV)/Fe(V) intermediates via physical adsorption, electron donation, and oxygen-functionalized coordination. High-valent Fe species oxidation coupled with AlkBC-elevated alkalinity efficiently disrupts sludge polymerized structure and drives bioconversion of released organics. Simultaneously, AlkBC is structurally reconfigured due to ferrate oxidation with surface-loaded Fe₂O<sub>3</sub> as active component, substantially enhancing chain elongation. Furthermore, AlkBC-ferrate enriches key functional bacteria while suppressing methanogens, steering carbon flux towards MCFA production.</p>

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Staged modulation using synergistic alkaline biochar-ferrate enhances medium-chain fatty acid production from waste activated sludge

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Yufen Wang,
  • Ya Ji,
  • Xiaofeng Luo,
  • Tingting Zhu,
  • Bing-Jie Ni,
  • Yiwen Liu

摘要

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are carbon-neutral alternative to petroleum-derived chemicals, offering sustainable valorization for waste activated sludge. Current bioproduction systems, however, face a critical dual bottleneck stemming from complex sludge matrices and inefficient carbon flux regulation. Here, we develop a stage-optimized modulation strategy employing alkaline biochar (AlkBC)-ferrate to sequentially enhance sludge solubilization and targeted MCFA-producing fermentation. Maximum MCFA production reaches 10495.0 mg chemical oxygen demand L-1, 20.6-, 15.2- and 2.3-fold higher than the control, AlkBC-alone and ferrate-alone groups, respectively. Mechanistically, AlkBC initiates ferrate activation to produce metastable Fe(IV)/Fe(V) intermediates via physical adsorption, electron donation, and oxygen-functionalized coordination. High-valent Fe species oxidation coupled with AlkBC-elevated alkalinity efficiently disrupts sludge polymerized structure and drives bioconversion of released organics. Simultaneously, AlkBC is structurally reconfigured due to ferrate oxidation with surface-loaded Fe₂O3 as active component, substantially enhancing chain elongation. Furthermore, AlkBC-ferrate enriches key functional bacteria while suppressing methanogens, steering carbon flux towards MCFA production.