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<p>Surface terminations critically govern the properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), yet a universal strategy to obtain MXenes with uniform and controllable terminations remains elusive. Here we introduce a ‘gas–liquid–solid’ triphasic etching strategy that employs iodine vapour, halide molten salts and MAX phases to produce MXenes with pure and precisely tunable halogen terminations (Cl, Br, I or their combinations). In this process, halide molten salts dissolve iodine via interhalogen anion formation while efficiently transporting etching by-products. The resulting MXenes retain excellent structural integrity, yielding uniformly ordered surfaces. As a representative example, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> shows a 160-fold enhancement in macroscopic conductivity and a 13-fold enhancement in terahertz conductivity relative to conventional Cl/O-terminated Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>, attributed to minimized electron trapping and scattering. Beyond single-halogen terminations, the gas–liquid–solid approach enables dual- and triple-halogen termination control, providing a general platform for tailoring MXene surface chemistry towards advanced (opto)electronic applications.</p><p></p>

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Triphasic synthesis of MXenes with uniform and controlled halogen terminations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Dongqi Li,
  • Wenhao Zheng,
  • Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
  • Juliane Scheiter,
  • Kamil Sobczak,
  • Silvan Kretschmer,
  • Josef Polčák,
  • Pranjali Hirasing Jadhao,
  • Paweł P. Michałowski,
  • Ruoling Yu,
  • Jiaxu Zhang,
  • Jinxin Liu,
  • Jingwei Du,
  • Quanquan Guo,
  • Ehrenfried Zschech,
  • Tomáš Šikola,
  • Mischa Bonn,
  • Nicolás Pérez,
  • Kornelius Nielsch,
  • Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
  • Hai I. Wang,
  • Minghao Yu,
  • Xinliang Feng

摘要

Surface terminations critically govern the properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), yet a universal strategy to obtain MXenes with uniform and controllable terminations remains elusive. Here we introduce a ‘gas–liquid–solid’ triphasic etching strategy that employs iodine vapour, halide molten salts and MAX phases to produce MXenes with pure and precisely tunable halogen terminations (Cl, Br, I or their combinations). In this process, halide molten salts dissolve iodine via interhalogen anion formation while efficiently transporting etching by-products. The resulting MXenes retain excellent structural integrity, yielding uniformly ordered surfaces. As a representative example, Ti3C2Cl2 shows a 160-fold enhancement in macroscopic conductivity and a 13-fold enhancement in terahertz conductivity relative to conventional Cl/O-terminated Ti3C2, attributed to minimized electron trapping and scattering. Beyond single-halogen terminations, the gas–liquid–solid approach enables dual- and triple-halogen termination control, providing a general platform for tailoring MXene surface chemistry towards advanced (opto)electronic applications.