Surface diffusion engineering of a 2D perovskite layer for efficient perovskite photovoltaics
摘要
Passivation molecules with highly reactive molecular ligands can penetrate bulk three-dimensional (3D) perovskite film, resulting in a mixed-dimensional phase of two-dimensional (2D) perovskite through a progressive diffusion process. Here we utilize a non-invasive surface reaction strategy to trigger interfacial solid reactions between passivation molecules and 3D perovskite by precision regulation of the cation surface diffusion under temperature and applied pressure, achieving a phase-pure 2D perovskite contact layer with a well-defined dimension. This non-invasive surface reaction approach is compatible with most Ruddlesden–Popper molecules and prevents the progressive phase transitions typically observed in solution-based processes. The as-prepared champion device (n–i–p type) delivers a power conversion efficiency of 26.13% (certified efficiency of 25.66%, 0.085 cm2) without efficiency loss after 1,200 h of operational stability tests (ISOS-L-1) and a T87 of 1,145 h (ISOS-L-2). The mini-module (n–i–p type) achieves an efficiency of 23.03% (certified quasi-steady-state power conversion efficiency of 22.32%, aperture area 13.94 cm2) with a T80 of 1,200 h.