The instability of halide perovskites under working conditions or during complex postprocessing is challenging for practical applications. Here we developed a room-temperature, two-phase assembling strategy to synthesize single-unit-cell perovskite chains within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). This approach is efficient, scalable and tailorable, and can be used to assemble a range of single-chain perovskites. The single-unit-cell-chain perovskites show unconventional stoichiometries (such as [Cs4PbI5]+) due to dimensionality reduction and are balanced by negatively charged nanotubes. A direct X-ray detector constructed with high-entropy-Cs3MCl6@SWCNT exhibits outstanding performance, with a high sensitivity of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44160_2025_785_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="176" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$1.22\times10^{4}\,\upmu{\mathrm{C}}\,{\mathrm{Gy}}_{\mathrm{air}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1.22</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Gy</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">air</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">cm</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, a low dark current density of 0.2 nA cm−2, a negligible dark current drift of 8.5 × 10−7 nA cm−1 s−1 V−1 and a superior detection limit of 16.6 nGyair s−1. These surpass various common semiconductor and state-of-the-art perovskite detectors due to the ionic character of perovskite@SWCNT inducing a strong cation–π interaction, suppressing ion migration. The device is stable under harsh conditions, including continuous X-ray irradiation, high temperatures, exposure to ambient air for 91 days and immersion for 96 h in water. This low-cost synthetic methodology paves the way for the commercialization of potential perovskite X-ray detectors for medical and industrial applications.

Synthesis of single-unit-cell-thick perovskites by liquid-phase confined assembly for high-performance ultrastable X-ray detectors

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发表日期：

2025年4月14日

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Meihui Song,
Bo Zhao,
Bowen Li,
Kun Wang,
Yulong Jiang,
Guodong Jia,
Xin Zhao,
Boyuan Yu,
Yunlong Li,
Feng Yang

摘要

The instability of halide perovskites under working conditions or during complex postprocessing is challenging for practical applications. Here we developed a room-temperature, two-phase assembling strategy to synthesize single-unit-cell perovskite chains within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). This approach is efficient, scalable and tailorable, and can be used to assemble a range of single-chain perovskites. The single-unit-cell-chain perovskites show unconventional stoichiometries (such as [Cs₄PbI₅]⁺) due to dimensionality reduction and are balanced by negatively charged nanotubes. A direct X-ray detector constructed with high-entropy-Cs₃MCl₆@SWCNT exhibits outstanding performance, with a high sensitivity of $1.22\times10^{4}\,\upmu{\mathrm{C}}\,{\mathrm{Gy}}_{\mathrm{air}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$ $1.22 \times 1 0^{4} μ C {Gy}_{air}^{- 1} {cm}^{- 2}$ , a low dark current density of 0.2 nA cm⁻², a negligible dark current drift of 8.5 × 10⁻⁷ nA cm⁻¹ s⁻¹ V⁻¹ and a superior detection limit of 16.6 nGy_air s⁻¹. These surpass various common semiconductor and state-of-the-art perovskite detectors due to the ionic character of perovskite@SWCNT inducing a strong cation–π interaction, suppressing ion migration. The device is stable under harsh conditions, including continuous X-ray irradiation, high temperatures, exposure to ambient air for 91 days and immersion for 96 h in water. This low-cost synthetic methodology paves the way for the commercialization of potential perovskite X-ray detectors for medical and industrial applications.