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Islet autoantibodies as precision diagnostic tools to characterize heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review

  • Jamie L. Felton,
  • Maria J. Redondo,
  • Richard A. Oram,
  • Cate Speake,
  • S. Alice Long,
  • Suna Onengut-Gumuscu,
  • Stephen S. Rich,
  • Gabriela S. F. Monaco,
  • Arianna Harris-Kawano,
  • Dianna Perez,
  • Zeb Saeed,
  • Benjamin Hoag,
  • Rashmi Jain,
  • Carmella Evans-Molina,
  • Linda A. DiMeglio,
  • Heba M. Ismail,
  • Dana Dabelea,
  • Randi K. Johnson,
  • Marzhan Urazbayeva,
  • John M. Wentworth,
  • Kurt J. Griffin,
  • Emily K. Sims,
  • Deirdre K. Tobias,
  • Jordi Merino,
  • Abrar Ahmad,
  • Catherine Aiken,
  • Jamie L. Benham,
  • Dhanasekaran Bodhini,
  • Amy L. Clark,
  • Kevin Colclough,
  • Rosa Corcoy,
  • Sara J. Cromer,
  • Daisy Duan,
  • Jamie L. Felton,
  • Ellen C. Francis,
  • Pieter Gillard,
  • Véronique Gingras,
  • Romy Gaillard,
  • Eram Haider,
  • Alice Hughes,
  • Jennifer M. Ikle,
  • Laura M. Jacobsen,
  • Anna R. Kahkoska,
  • Jarno L. T. Kettunen,
  • Raymond J. Kreienkamp,
  • Lee-Ling Lim,
  • Jonna M. E. Männistö,
  • Robert Massey,
  • Niamh-Maire Mclennan,
  • Rachel G. Miller,
  • Mario Luca Morieri,
  • Jasper Most,
  • Rochelle N. Naylor,
  • Bige Ozkan,
  • Kashyap Amratlal Patel,
  • Scott J. Pilla,
  • Katsiaryna Prystupa,
  • Sridharan Raghavan,
  • Mary R. Rooney,
  • Martin Schön,
  • Zhila Semnani-Azad,
  • Magdalena Sevilla-Gonzalez,
  • Pernille Svalastoga,
  • Wubet Worku Takele,
  • Claudia Ha-ting Tam,
  • Anne Cathrine B. Thuesen,
  • Mustafa Tosur,
  • Amelia S. Wallace,
  • Caroline C. Wang,
  • Jessie J. Wong,
  • Jennifer M. Yamamoto,
  • Katherine Young,
  • Chloé Amouyal,
  • Mette K. Andersen,
  • Maxine P. Bonham,
  • Mingling Chen,
  • Feifei Cheng,
  • Tinashe Chikowore,
  • Sian C. Chivers,
  • Christoffer Clemmensen,
  • Dana Dabelea,
  • Adem Y. Dawed,
  • Aaron J. Deutsch,
  • Laura T. Dickens,
  • Linda A. DiMeglio,
  • Monika Dudenhöffer-Pfeifer,
  • Carmella Evans-Molina,
  • María Mercè Fernández-Balsells,
  • Hugo Fitipaldi,
  • Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick,
  • Stephen E. Gitelman,
  • Mark O. Goodarzi,
  • Jessica A. Grieger,
  • Marta Guasch-Ferré,
  • Nahal Habibi,
  • Torben Hansen,
  • Chuiguo Huang,
  • Arianna Harris-Kawano,
  • Heba M. Ismail,
  • Benjamin Hoag,
  • Angus G. Jones,
  • Robert W. Koivula,
  • Aaron Leong,
  • Gloria K. W. Leung,
  • Ingrid M. Libman,
  • Kai Liu,
  • William L. Lowe Jr.,
  • Robert W. Morton,
  • Ayesha A. Motala,
  • Suna Onengut-Gumuscu,
  • James S. Pankow,
  • Maleesa Pathirana,
  • Sofia Pazmino,
  • Dianna Perez,
  • John R. Petrie,
  • Camille E. Powe,
  • Alejandra Quinteros,
  • Rashmi Jain,
  • Debashree Ray,
  • Mathias Ried-Larsen,
  • Zeb Saeed,
  • Vanessa Santhakumar,
  • Sarah Kanbour,
  • Sudipa Sarkar,
  • Gabriela S. F. Monaco,
  • Denise M. Scholtens,
  • Elizabeth Selvin,
  • Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu,
  • Maggie A. Stanislawski,
  • Nele Steenackers,
  • Andrea K. Steck,
  • Norbert Stefan,
  • Julie Støy,
  • Rachael Taylor,
  • Sok Cin Tye,
  • Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke,
  • Marzhan Urazbayeva,
  • Bart Van der Schueren,
  • Camille Vatier,
  • Wesley Hannah,
  • Sara L. White,
  • Gechang Yu,
  • Yingchai Zhang,
  • Shao J. Zhou,
  • Jacques Beltrand,
  • Michel Polak,
  • Ingvild Aukrust,
  • Elisa de Franco,
  • Sarah E. Flanagan,
  • Kristin A. Maloney,
  • Andrew McGovern,
  • Janne Molnes,
  • Mariam Nakabuye,
  • Pål Rasmus Njølstad,
  • Hugo Pomares-Millan,
  • Michele Provenzano,
  • Cécile Saint-Martin,
  • Cuilin Zhang,
  • Yeyi Zhu,
  • Sungyoung Auh,
  • Russell de Souza,
  • Andrea J. Fawcett,
  • Chandra Gruber,
  • Eskedar Getie Mekonnen,
  • Emily Mixter,
  • Diana Sherifali,
  • Robert H. Eckel,
  • John J. Nolan,
  • Louis H. Philipson,
  • Rebecca J. Brown,
  • Liana K. Billings,
  • Kristen Boyle,
  • Tina Costacou,
  • John M. Dennis,
  • Jose C. Florez,
  • Anna L. Gloyn,
  • Maria F. Gomez,
  • Peter A. Gottlieb,
  • Siri Atma W. Greeley,
  • Kurt Griffin,
  • Andrew T. Hattersley,
  • Irl B. Hirsch,
  • Marie-France Hivert,
  • Korey K. Hood,
  • Jami L. Josefson,
  • Soo Heon Kwak,
  • Lori M. Laffel,
  • Siew S. Lim,
  • Ruth J. F. Loos,
  • Ronald C. W. Ma,
  • Chantal Mathieu,
  • Nestoras Mathioudakis,
  • James B. Meigs,
  • Shivani Misra,
  • Viswanathan Mohan,
  • Rinki Murphy,
  • Richard Oram,
  • Katharine R. Owen,
  • Susan E. Ozanne,
  • Ewan R. Pearson,
  • Wei Perng,
  • Toni I. Pollin,
  • Rodica Pop-Busui,
  • Richard E. Pratley,
  • Leanne M. Redman,
  • Rebecca M. Reynolds,
  • Robert K. Semple,
  • Jennifer L. Sherr,
  • Emily K. Sims,
  • Arianne Sweeting,
  • Tiinamaija Tuomi,
  • Miriam S. Udler,
  • Kimberly K. Vesco,
  • Tina Vilsbøll,
  • Robert Wagner,
  • Stephen S. Rich,
  • Paul W. Franks

摘要

Background

Islet autoantibodies form the foundation for type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis and staging, but heterogeneity exists in T1D development and presentation. We hypothesized that autoantibodies can identify heterogeneity before, at, and after T1D diagnosis, and in response to disease-modifying therapies.

Methods

We systematically reviewed PubMed and EMBASE databases (6/14/2022) assessing 10 years of original research examining relationships between autoantibodies and heterogeneity before, at, after diagnosis, and in response to disease-modifying therapies in individuals at-risk or within 1 year of T1D diagnosis. A critical appraisal checklist tool for cohort studies was modified and used for risk of bias assessment.

Results

Here we show that 152 studies that met extraction criteria most commonly characterized heterogeneity before diagnosis (91/152). Autoantibody type/target was most frequently examined, followed by autoantibody number. Recurring themes included correlations of autoantibody number, type, and titers with progression, differing phenotypes based on order of autoantibody seroconversion, and interactions with age and genetics. Only 44% specifically described autoantibody assay standardization program participation.

Conclusions

Current evidence most strongly supports the application of autoantibody features to more precisely define T1D before diagnosis. Our findings support continued use of pre-clinical staging paradigms based on autoantibody number and suggest that additional autoantibody features, particularly in relation to age and genetic risk, could offer more precise stratification. To improve reproducibility and applicability of autoantibody-based precision medicine in T1D, we propose a methods checklist for islet autoantibody-based manuscripts which includes use of precision medicine MeSH terms and participation in autoantibody standardization workshops.