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<p>Conductive polymers (CPs) are π-conjugated organic semiconductors that exhibit electrical conductivities spanning those of insulators to metals, depending on the doping level, while retaining the mechanical properties of plastics. This combination positions CPs as a promising class of advanced functional materials. CPs hold several distinctive properties, including solution processability, tunable optoelectronic properties, mechanical ductility and biocompatibility, making them suitable for next-generation optoelectronic and bioelectronic devices. This Primer provides an overview of the conduction and doping mechanisms of CPs and discusses typical synthetic methods used for their preparation. It also highlights key structural, macromolecular, optical and charge transport properties that govern their functionalities and device performance. Finally, representative applications in flexible electronic circuits, biosensors and tissue engineering are discussed, emphasizing the potential of CPs to revolutionize commercial electronics, energy conversion and healthcare. Despite several challenges and performance limitations, recent advancements in synthetic methodologies, doping strategies and device engineering are driving the commercialization of CP-based technologies.</p>

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Synthesis and applications of conductive polymers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Jichen Lv,
  • Annapia Fratepietro,
  • Ming Shao,
  • Simone Fabiano,
  • Xugang Guo,
  • Antonio Facchetti

摘要

Conductive polymers (CPs) are π-conjugated organic semiconductors that exhibit electrical conductivities spanning those of insulators to metals, depending on the doping level, while retaining the mechanical properties of plastics. This combination positions CPs as a promising class of advanced functional materials. CPs hold several distinctive properties, including solution processability, tunable optoelectronic properties, mechanical ductility and biocompatibility, making them suitable for next-generation optoelectronic and bioelectronic devices. This Primer provides an overview of the conduction and doping mechanisms of CPs and discusses typical synthetic methods used for their preparation. It also highlights key structural, macromolecular, optical and charge transport properties that govern their functionalities and device performance. Finally, representative applications in flexible electronic circuits, biosensors and tissue engineering are discussed, emphasizing the potential of CPs to revolutionize commercial electronics, energy conversion and healthcare. Despite several challenges and performance limitations, recent advancements in synthetic methodologies, doping strategies and device engineering are driving the commercialization of CP-based technologies.