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<p>Since the first proof-of-concept demonstrations of photoluminescence-based optical refrigeration, solid-state laser cooling has developed into a credible competitor to conventional cryogenic technologies. Solid-state laser cooling continues to advance as new materials push its limits. These developments have created a need to consolidate the progress made to date as well as to standardize the critical experimental considerations needed to realize reliable and verifiable cooling measurements. This Primer outlines the essential concepts and requirements that underpin solid-state laser cooling. We summarize key milestones achieved with cooling-grade, rare-earth-doped glasses and crystals as well as with semiconductors. Additionally, we highlight the emerging applications of solid-state optical refrigeration. To strengthen the consistency and reproducibility of future cooling results, we introduce a reporting checklist, covering materials, cooling metrics and thermometry. This Primer aims to serve as both a tutorial and a practical guide for researchers in the area of solid-state laser cooling.</p>

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Solid-state laser cooling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Yang Ding,
  • Shenghao Zhang,
  • Alexander R. Albrecht,
  • Zhaojie Feng,
  • Lars Forberger,
  • Hiroki Tanaka,
  • Markus P. Hehlen,
  • Galina Nemova,
  • Peter J. Pauzauskie,
  • Denis V. Seletskiy,
  • Masaru Kuno

摘要

Since the first proof-of-concept demonstrations of photoluminescence-based optical refrigeration, solid-state laser cooling has developed into a credible competitor to conventional cryogenic technologies. Solid-state laser cooling continues to advance as new materials push its limits. These developments have created a need to consolidate the progress made to date as well as to standardize the critical experimental considerations needed to realize reliable and verifiable cooling measurements. This Primer outlines the essential concepts and requirements that underpin solid-state laser cooling. We summarize key milestones achieved with cooling-grade, rare-earth-doped glasses and crystals as well as with semiconductors. Additionally, we highlight the emerging applications of solid-state optical refrigeration. To strengthen the consistency and reproducibility of future cooling results, we introduce a reporting checklist, covering materials, cooling metrics and thermometry. This Primer aims to serve as both a tutorial and a practical guide for researchers in the area of solid-state laser cooling.