Dual clumped isotopes in foraminiferal calcite reveal kinetic bias in some species
摘要
Clumped isotope (∆47) analyses of foraminifera provide a powerful means to reconstruct upper and bottom water temperatures, independent of seawater δ18O and elemental composition. We show statistically significant disequilibrium in the dual (∆47-∆48) clumped isotope composition of some large benthic foraminifera, while other large benthic foraminifera plot within analytical uncertainty of ∆47–∆48 equilibrium. This deviation suggests the influence of reaction kinetics, such as kinetic effects during CO2 absorption or a combination of ion attachment/detachment effects at the solution-crystal interface and slight DIC disequilibrium. Measured core-top, planktic and deep-sea benthic foraminifera plot within the 95% confidence level of empirical ∆47-∆48 equilibrium, although additional measurements are required to confidently exclude kinetic ∆47-∆48 bias. Dual clumped isotope measurements of large benthic foraminifera from the Eocene of the Paris and Hampshire basins that conform with ∆47-∆48 equilibrium (95% confidence level) further support existing evidence for surface ocean temperatures ~12–17 °C warmer than today.