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<p>Groundwater remediation by subsurface injection of nanoscale zero-valent iron is often limited by the uneven delivery of reactive nanoparticles in heterogeneous aquifers with low-permeability layers. This study proposes a strategy for the in-situ synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles directly within contaminated aquifers. Harmless precursor solutions are co-injected and react within the porous medium to form reactive iron nanoparticles able to degrade chlorinated solvents. An analytical injection model was developed to guide reactive zone placement for each treatment design. The method was validated in a three-dimensional pilot-scale homogeneous aquifer and in a two-dimensional layered porous medium under laboratory conditions. In the three-dimensional test, particle formation covered 96–112% of the target deposition volume, with a deposition yield of 77%. The generated iron-based particles removed more than 96% of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene in 21 day-long batch tests. The proposed approach enables more controlled treatment of heterogeneous aquifers with medium- and low-permeability layers.</p><p></p>

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In-situ synthesis of iron-based reactive nanoparticles for groundwater remediation in heterogeneous two-and-three-dimensional porous media

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Andrea Gallo,
  • Leonardo Magherini,
  • Federico Mondino,
  • Carlo Bianco,
  • Tiziana Tosco,
  • Rajandrea Sethi

摘要

Groundwater remediation by subsurface injection of nanoscale zero-valent iron is often limited by the uneven delivery of reactive nanoparticles in heterogeneous aquifers with low-permeability layers. This study proposes a strategy for the in-situ synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles directly within contaminated aquifers. Harmless precursor solutions are co-injected and react within the porous medium to form reactive iron nanoparticles able to degrade chlorinated solvents. An analytical injection model was developed to guide reactive zone placement for each treatment design. The method was validated in a three-dimensional pilot-scale homogeneous aquifer and in a two-dimensional layered porous medium under laboratory conditions. In the three-dimensional test, particle formation covered 96–112% of the target deposition volume, with a deposition yield of 77%. The generated iron-based particles removed more than 96% of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene in 21 day-long batch tests. The proposed approach enables more controlled treatment of heterogeneous aquifers with medium- and low-permeability layers.