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<p>Carbon dioxide removal is critical to net-zero pathways achieving the Paris Agreement 1.5 °C target, yet its effectiveness in reducing humid heat stress risks remains uncertain. Here, we examine the hysteresis and reversibility of humid heat stress in China under carbon dioxide removal scenarios. Humid heat responds asymmetrically during warming and removal especially in eastern and southern China, producing a hysteretic and partially reversible trajectory. This results from unequal adjustments of temperature and relative humidity, which constrain heat-stress recovery even as global temperatures decline. Moist static energy analysis indicates suppressed vertical energy export over eastern China and enhanced transport of warm moisture from tropical oceans, sustaining humid heat during the removal. Consequently, severe humid heat stress persists, with over 0.2 billion people affected, more than 66% of which is due to hysteresis. These findings highlight enduring heat-related risks and the urgent need for adaptation alongside mitigation.</p>

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Committed and irreversible humid heat stress risk in China despite carbon dioxide removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Qianrong Ma,
  • Jiayi Mu,
  • Yingxiao Sun,
  • Zhiwei Zhu,
  • Siyan Dong,
  • Leibin Wang,
  • Guolin Feng,
  • Jie Zhang,
  • Xingwen Jiang,
  • Young-Min Yang

摘要

Carbon dioxide removal is critical to net-zero pathways achieving the Paris Agreement 1.5 °C target, yet its effectiveness in reducing humid heat stress risks remains uncertain. Here, we examine the hysteresis and reversibility of humid heat stress in China under carbon dioxide removal scenarios. Humid heat responds asymmetrically during warming and removal especially in eastern and southern China, producing a hysteretic and partially reversible trajectory. This results from unequal adjustments of temperature and relative humidity, which constrain heat-stress recovery even as global temperatures decline. Moist static energy analysis indicates suppressed vertical energy export over eastern China and enhanced transport of warm moisture from tropical oceans, sustaining humid heat during the removal. Consequently, severe humid heat stress persists, with over 0.2 billion people affected, more than 66% of which is due to hysteresis. These findings highlight enduring heat-related risks and the urgent need for adaptation alongside mitigation.