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<p>Coal-fired power plants represent a major anthropogenic source of nanoscale particulate matter, yet conventional mass-based regulations overlook the distinct and potent health risks posed by specific components. Here we combine single-particle elemental profiles (169 plants across China) with cellular toxicity (human lung cells). Using interpretable machine learning, we reveal iron-rich nanoparticles as key toxic driver, explaining 27.4% of the observed oxidative stress and 16.9% of cytotoxicity. We then develop a high-resolution national inventory of iron-rich nanoparticles, estimating total emissions of 236 tons in 2020, with Eastern China as a hotspot contributing 38.2%. Tailored regional strategies could achieve a 77.5% reduction in national emission, with electrostatic precipitator upgrades identified as the most cost-effective measure. Our findings provide an actionable framework to advance air pollution policy beyond total emissions control toward component-specific reduction of the most toxic nanoparticles, ultimately mitigating their associated public health impacts.</p><p></p>

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Targeting key toxic nanoscale particulate matter for precision control of coal power emissions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Miao Xu,
  • Xiaojing Yang,
  • Zuoshun Niu,
  • Zhiqiang Shi,
  • Mengyuan Wang,
  • Xuanhe Zhao,
  • Yi Yang

摘要

Coal-fired power plants represent a major anthropogenic source of nanoscale particulate matter, yet conventional mass-based regulations overlook the distinct and potent health risks posed by specific components. Here we combine single-particle elemental profiles (169 plants across China) with cellular toxicity (human lung cells). Using interpretable machine learning, we reveal iron-rich nanoparticles as key toxic driver, explaining 27.4% of the observed oxidative stress and 16.9% of cytotoxicity. We then develop a high-resolution national inventory of iron-rich nanoparticles, estimating total emissions of 236 tons in 2020, with Eastern China as a hotspot contributing 38.2%. Tailored regional strategies could achieve a 77.5% reduction in national emission, with electrostatic precipitator upgrades identified as the most cost-effective measure. Our findings provide an actionable framework to advance air pollution policy beyond total emissions control toward component-specific reduction of the most toxic nanoparticles, ultimately mitigating their associated public health impacts.