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<p>Cities are home to more than half of the global population, and the urban heat island effect has aroused widespread concerns. Urban-induced changes in wet-bulb temperature and their health impacts remain less systematically investigated. Here we analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and drivers of wet-bulb temperature patterns across 56 globally representative cities during 2005-2024 using high-resolution reanalysis data. We find pronounced increases in global urban wet-bulb temperature since 2020, with spatially variable responses to urbanization and local climatic conditions. Tropical coastal cities such as Jakarta and Bangkok exhibit relatively stable and high wet-bulb temperature, where warm humid climate substantially offsets the urban heat island effect. In contrast, inland cities demonstrate pronounced spatial gradients. Metropolitan regions at low-to-mid latitudes display higher spatial heterogeneity than those at high latitudes. Mechanistic analysis reveals that variable responses of wet-bulb temperature to air temperature and relative humidity determine urbanization’s influence. Extreme heat intensities reached remarkable levels during 2023-2024, posing serious health threats.</p>

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Divergent latitude-specific urban humid heat risks are regulated by local climate types

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Lei Xu,
  • Qiang Zhang,
  • Senlin Tang,
  • Xuhui Lee,
  • Hongyu Song,
  • Xintong Gong

摘要

Cities are home to more than half of the global population, and the urban heat island effect has aroused widespread concerns. Urban-induced changes in wet-bulb temperature and their health impacts remain less systematically investigated. Here we analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and drivers of wet-bulb temperature patterns across 56 globally representative cities during 2005-2024 using high-resolution reanalysis data. We find pronounced increases in global urban wet-bulb temperature since 2020, with spatially variable responses to urbanization and local climatic conditions. Tropical coastal cities such as Jakarta and Bangkok exhibit relatively stable and high wet-bulb temperature, where warm humid climate substantially offsets the urban heat island effect. In contrast, inland cities demonstrate pronounced spatial gradients. Metropolitan regions at low-to-mid latitudes display higher spatial heterogeneity than those at high latitudes. Mechanistic analysis reveals that variable responses of wet-bulb temperature to air temperature and relative humidity determine urbanization’s influence. Extreme heat intensities reached remarkable levels during 2023-2024, posing serious health threats.