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<p>Ecosystem restoration is central to achieving sustainability goals, yet reconciling trade-offs between carbon sequestration, water security, and soil erosion regulation remains a critical challenge. Here, we leverage China’s large-scale Ecological Restoration Programs (ERPs) by combining 1-km fine-scale remote sensing data with biophysical modeling from 2000&#xa0;to&#xa0;2020. Our analysis demonstrates that ERPs substantially enhanced carbon sequestration, with gains exceeding 80% in some regions, but triggered spatially divergent water-soil trade-offs. While grid-scale analyses showed predominant widespread synergies of 64–75% coverage, county-scale assessments revealed trade-offs in 32% of regions, linked to climatic gradients and land-use pressures. We identified three strategic intervention points that successfully transformed trade-offs into synergies. Collectively, we provide a transferable ‘Spatial-Temporal-Policy Priority’ framework for optimizing restoration outcomes, offering a blueprint for aligning climate and sustainable development goals in global restoration initiatives.</p>

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Decoding China’s success in balancing carbon, water, and soil synergies in ecosystem restoration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Lin Huang,
  • Qianxin Wang,
  • Wei Cao,
  • Jinwei Dong

摘要

Ecosystem restoration is central to achieving sustainability goals, yet reconciling trade-offs between carbon sequestration, water security, and soil erosion regulation remains a critical challenge. Here, we leverage China’s large-scale Ecological Restoration Programs (ERPs) by combining 1-km fine-scale remote sensing data with biophysical modeling from 2000 to 2020. Our analysis demonstrates that ERPs substantially enhanced carbon sequestration, with gains exceeding 80% in some regions, but triggered spatially divergent water-soil trade-offs. While grid-scale analyses showed predominant widespread synergies of 64–75% coverage, county-scale assessments revealed trade-offs in 32% of regions, linked to climatic gradients and land-use pressures. We identified three strategic intervention points that successfully transformed trade-offs into synergies. Collectively, we provide a transferable ‘Spatial-Temporal-Policy Priority’ framework for optimizing restoration outcomes, offering a blueprint for aligning climate and sustainable development goals in global restoration initiatives.