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<p>Microbial-driven processes, particularly denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), convert inorganic nitrogen (N) in soils into gaseous forms, causing substantial N losses. However, their responses to global change across ecosystem types remain unclear. Here, we synthesized global data on denitrification and anammox from experiments examining major global change factors (GCFs), including elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, N addition, warming, and altered precipitation. Our analysis shows that N addition markedly stimulated both processes, and warming enhanced denitrification. On average, multiple GCFs exerted stronger effects on N-loss processes than single or two GCFs. These effects are ecosystem dependent, with croplands being the most affected, particularly under N addition. Furthermore, the sensitivity of N-loss processes to each GCF varies greatly among ecosystems and is largely explained by local climate and soil conditions. Our findings reveal accelerated soil N losses under multifactor global change and offer insights for improving future N-cycle predictions and sustainable N management.</p>

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Multiple global change factors amplify nitrogen loss and croplands are at the highest risk

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Bangjing Ding,
  • Di Xu,
  • Shuo Wang,
  • Wenzhi Liu,
  • Quanfa Zhang

摘要

Microbial-driven processes, particularly denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), convert inorganic nitrogen (N) in soils into gaseous forms, causing substantial N losses. However, their responses to global change across ecosystem types remain unclear. Here, we synthesized global data on denitrification and anammox from experiments examining major global change factors (GCFs), including elevated CO2, N addition, warming, and altered precipitation. Our analysis shows that N addition markedly stimulated both processes, and warming enhanced denitrification. On average, multiple GCFs exerted stronger effects on N-loss processes than single or two GCFs. These effects are ecosystem dependent, with croplands being the most affected, particularly under N addition. Furthermore, the sensitivity of N-loss processes to each GCF varies greatly among ecosystems and is largely explained by local climate and soil conditions. Our findings reveal accelerated soil N losses under multifactor global change and offer insights for improving future N-cycle predictions and sustainable N management.