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<p>In recent efforts to reduce the radiative forcing of aviation, fuel design has gained increased attention. Sustainable Aviation Fuels are seeing wider adoption, and their positive impact on carbon dioxide and non-volatile soot particle emissions is well-established. However, the effects of the reduction in fuel sulfur content on volatile particle emissions and contrails are unknown. This study presents observations from in-flight measurements of emissions and contrails of an Airbus A350-900 burning fuels with different sulfur contents. We find a reduction in volatile particles and contrail ice crystals for low-sulfur fuels. For higher fuel sulfur contents, our findings demonstrate an additional contrail ice particle source through activation of sulfate aerosols. Our data-driven results need to be consolidated by in-flight observations with different fuels and engines. Eventually, climate impact estimates as well as regulations should account for the modulating effect of the fuel sulfur content on contrail ice particle numbers.</p>

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Fuel sulfur content can modulate contrail ice crystal numbers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月14日

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  • Rebecca Dischl,
  • Raphael Märkl,
  • Daniel Sauer,
  • Christiane Voigt,
  • Theresa Harlaß,
  • Monika Scheibe,
  • Valerian Hahn,
  • Stefan Kaufmann,
  • Andreas Marsing,
  • Andreas Dörnbrack,
  • Anke Roiger,
  • Fangqun Yu,
  • Maxime Gauthier,
  • Charles Renard,
  • Peter Swann,
  • Mark Johnson,
  • Denise Ahrens,
  • Reetu Sallinen,
  • Georg Eckel,
  • Patrick Le Clercq

摘要

In recent efforts to reduce the radiative forcing of aviation, fuel design has gained increased attention. Sustainable Aviation Fuels are seeing wider adoption, and their positive impact on carbon dioxide and non-volatile soot particle emissions is well-established. However, the effects of the reduction in fuel sulfur content on volatile particle emissions and contrails are unknown. This study presents observations from in-flight measurements of emissions and contrails of an Airbus A350-900 burning fuels with different sulfur contents. We find a reduction in volatile particles and contrail ice crystals for low-sulfur fuels. For higher fuel sulfur contents, our findings demonstrate an additional contrail ice particle source through activation of sulfate aerosols. Our data-driven results need to be consolidated by in-flight observations with different fuels and engines. Eventually, climate impact estimates as well as regulations should account for the modulating effect of the fuel sulfur content on contrail ice particle numbers.