Deformed alluvial terraces record an excess of slip over the last few centuries on the Himalayan Topographic Frontal Thrust of central Bhutan

Deformed alluvial terraces are ubiquitous markers of a fault’s recent activity and may help assess its slip rate and associated seismic hazard. They are often considered as a nearly flat surface translated and rotated along a planar or listric fault. The present study challenges these assumptions by revealing uneven terrace treads and verticalization of the Topographic Frontal Thrust (TFT) in south-central Bhutan. We model this finding as combined variability in both the aggradation and geometry of the TFT. We estimate a Holocene slip rate of 19.6 ± 4.1 mm.yr⁻¹, which confirms that the TFT accommodates most of the shortening across the range. Contrary to previous studies, we find an excess of slip over the last few centuries, which implies a lower seismic hazard. These results highlight the importance of considering the non-planar component in terrace shape, shallow abrupt changes in fault geometry, and aggradation in future morphotectonic studies worldwide.