<p>Tin perovskites have emerged as promising lead-free alternatives for eco-friendly perovskite solar cells; however, their device performance still lags behind that of lead-based counterparts, mainly due to poor thin-film quality, high defect densities, and the intrinsic instability Sn<sup>2+</sup>. Here, we report a resonance-induced electron delocalization strategy to fundamentally stabilize tin perovskite by enhancing Sn-centered interactions using trithiocyanuric acid (Cy-SH) and cyanuric acid (Cy-OH) molecules as interfacial layer. We further demonstrate the electron delocalization between the N–C = O and N = C–OH tautomeric configurations of Cy-OH at the perovskite buried interface, which strengthens its interaction with uncoordinated Sn atoms, thereby significantly suppressing non-radiative recombination and enhancing carrier extraction and transport. As a result, the best-performing device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.1%, maintaining 86% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h aging in N<sub>2</sub> containing 50-100 ppm O<sub>2</sub>. This work demonstrates that tautomeric molecules can be rationally designed and utilized to regulate tin perovskite crystallization and defect states, thereby providing guidelines for the development of high-performance lead-free photovoltaics.</p>

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Resonance-induced electron delocalization for efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells

  • Ao Shen,
  • Chensi Gong,
  • Zhiheng Dong,
  • Mingtai Chen,
  • Wenzhen Lv,
  • Runfeng Chen,
  • Ligang Xu

摘要

Tin perovskites have emerged as promising lead-free alternatives for eco-friendly perovskite solar cells; however, their device performance still lags behind that of lead-based counterparts, mainly due to poor thin-film quality, high defect densities, and the intrinsic instability Sn2+. Here, we report a resonance-induced electron delocalization strategy to fundamentally stabilize tin perovskite by enhancing Sn-centered interactions using trithiocyanuric acid (Cy-SH) and cyanuric acid (Cy-OH) molecules as interfacial layer. We further demonstrate the electron delocalization between the N–C = O and N = C–OH tautomeric configurations of Cy-OH at the perovskite buried interface, which strengthens its interaction with uncoordinated Sn atoms, thereby significantly suppressing non-radiative recombination and enhancing carrier extraction and transport. As a result, the best-performing device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.1%, maintaining 86% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h aging in N2 containing 50-100 ppm O2. This work demonstrates that tautomeric molecules can be rationally designed and utilized to regulate tin perovskite crystallization and defect states, thereby providing guidelines for the development of high-performance lead-free photovoltaics.